The Evolution of Leadership Theory

IntroductionIn order to describe the evolution of leadership theory we must first define what we understand leadership to mean. An early or traditional definition of leadership may be, an interpersonal influence directed towards the achievement of a set goal or series of goals (Northhouse, 2004, p 2). In accordance with the evolution of leadership theory the definition of leadership by a modern frame of reference may be, a relationship dynamic in nature based on mutual influence between leaders and collaborators in which both reach higher levels of motivation and moral development as they strive to affect change (Freiberg and Freiberg, 1996, p 298). This essay will describe the evolution of leadership theory as it developed from being based on individual personal traits and behaviors to the modern theories that are based on dynamic models of situation and on transformation.Early Leadership theories: traits and behaviorsOhio State University developed a theory of leadership from a ser ies of studies that obtained data from questionnaires filled in by subordinates and another questionnaire filled in by managers that described the leadership traits and behaviors of their leaders (Fleishman, 1953, p 2). Two leadership styles were identified and hypothesized to be able to describe all leaders (Fleishman, 1953, p 2). The first leadership style was termed â€Å"initiating structure† (Fleishman, 1953, p 3. This leadership style described the leader who directs with transactional and task oriented style. This style of leadership has been described as great for routine and repetitive task, however on the negative side it has also been used to describe the micro-manager (Fleishman, 1953, p 4).Examples of how this leadership style may present in the workplace include the leader who lets work-unit members know what is expected of them; who schedules the work to be done; encourages the use of uniform work procedures; assigns work-unit members to particular tasks; plans tasks for work-unit members; makes his or her attitudes clear to the work unit; clarifies work roles and asks for results (Fleishman, 1953, p 4).The second leadership style identified by the Ohio State theory of leadership was termed â€Å"consideration† (Fleishman, 1953, p 5).   This leadership style described the leader who is people-oriented and participative, and transformational (Fleishman, 1953, p 5). Examples of how this leadership style may present in the workplace includes, the leader who treats all work-unit members as his or her equal; is friendly and approachable; does little things to make work pleasant; puts suggestions made by the work unit into operation; looks out for personal welfare of work unit members; encourages a supportive socio-emotional work atmosphere; maintains high morale in the work-unit and promotes a collaborative work atmosphere (Fleishman, 1953, p 5).Around the same time period The University of Michigan conducted similar studies to the Oh io State work (Katz, et al, 1950, p 23) based on questionnaire responses by leader's subordinates and also developed a two-leadership style theory (Katz, et al, 1950, p 43). The first leadership style was termed â€Å"production centered† (Katz, et al, 1950, p 44). Examples of how this leadership style may present in the workplace includes, the leader who places an emphasis on the technical or task aspects of the job; is concerned mainly with accomplishing group's goal and who regards group members as means to an end (Katz, et al, 1950, p 44).The second leadership style offered by the Michigan State University theory was termed â€Å"employee centered† (Katz, et al, 1950, p 46). Examples of how this leadership style may present itself in the workplace includes, the leader who places an emphasize interpersonal relations; who takes a personal interest in the needs of employees and who accepts individual differences among members of his / her team (Katz, et al, 1950, p 44 ). These earlier studies of leadership theories drew conclusions from research data that only looked at the single dimension of leadership being the observation of the leader's traits and behaviors. Although these studies provided valuable insight into which leadership traits and behaviors may have been associated with higher levels of productivity, the theories lack the depth of understanding that a dynamic model would bring which accounts for the interaction of the leader's subordinates and the workplace situation.Modern Leadership Theories: dynamic models of situational and transformational leadershipThe leadership theory termed situational theory is based on the amount of direction and socio-emotional support a leader should provide to a specific situation (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 59).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theory developed by Hersey and Blanchard, recognizes four different leadership styles that are telling, selling, participating and delegating (Blanchard et al, 1999 p 60 ). The leader determines which style to use depending upon the specific task that is to be accomplished and the maturity level of the followers.The maturity of the followers was a termed coined to explain the willingness of the followers to take responsibility for directing their own behavior (Blanchard et al, 1999, 60). A combination of a demanding task with a low maturity level would require the leadership style of telling (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 60). The leadership style of selling would also suit a situation with a demanding task and low level of follower maturity while the leader is still responsible for the goal being achieved the followers are encouraged to participate (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 61). The leadership style of participating suits situations of a less demanding task and low-level maturity of the followers (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 61). Finally the leadership style of delegating is matched to a high level of follower maturity and therefore is suited to all levels of demand in terms of task (Blanchard et al, 1999, p 61).The transformational leadership theory recognizes the changing demands that an organization may face, like the situational leadership theory however it places its greatest emphasis on leadership behavior and traits (Northhouse, 2004, p 173). While this may seem like a return to the earlier more limited theories of leadership as developed in the mid 1900s via Ohio State and Michigan State Universities it is in fact seen as a very creative and flexible leadership theory (Northhouse, 2004, p 173).The transformational leader instills feelings of confidence, admiration and commitment in the followers. Such a leader inspires the followers to forgo their own interests for the good of the organization (Northhouse, 2004, p 178). Transformational leaders appeal to the moral and ideals of followers and inspire them to look at problems in new and creative ways (Northhouse, 2004, p 183). Studies have correlated the transformational leader ship theory in the workplace leads to lower staff turnover rates, higher productivity and higher employee satisfaction.In summary, the evolution of leadership theories has developed from the relatively static and one-dimensional views of the personality traits and behavior theories studied in the 1900s to the dynamic and flexible theories of situational and transformational leadership theories developed in the late 1900s.ReferencesBlanchard, K. H, Zigarmi, P. and Zigarmi, D. (1999), Leadership and the One Minute   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manager, New York, Harper Collins.Fleishman, E.A. (1953). The description of supervisory behavior. Personnel Psychology,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   37, 1-6Katz, D., Maccoby, N. and Morse, N.C. (1950). Productivity, Supervision and Morale in   Ã‚  Ã‚   an Office Situation. Ann Arbor, Survey Research Center.Northhouse, P.G. (2004). Leadership: Theory and Practice. New York, Sage Publications.

Self-reliance: Transcendentalism and Emerson

â€Å"Self-Reliance† Juny Bernadin AML2000 12-Week 2 Professor Andrew Smith October 29, 2011 Thesis Statement ‘Self-Reliance' has its value in its boldness, its construction, and mature attitudes toward evenness and letdown. In addition, Emerson's confident logic seems impregnable. To Emerson, not only is self-doubt absolutely out of the question, but it is a virtue to believe that everyone believes as you do. He writes that there is no value in life but personal principles and goals, and that society is irrelevant. â€Å"Self-Reliance† â€Å"Self-Reliance,† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, is a persuasive essay promoting the ways of inspirational views. He uses this essay to advance a major point using a structure that helps his argument. In Emerson's essay, he begins his concluding thoughts with a statement that greater â€Å"self-reliance† and brings a revolution. He then applies this idea to society and all of its aspects, including religion, education, and art. This brings Emerson to a new, more precise focus on how societies never advance; rather it recedes on one side. This shocking, yet intriguing, idea supports and increases the uses of tone, image, example, and the consequence of ignoring his opinion. The result is an accumulation of ideas into the major points that, â€Å"Nothing can bring you peace but you. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles. † With the major points and devices used by Emerson defined, it is now possible to examine in greater detail how he persuades the reader, starting with the use of tone. The use of word choice, sentence length, and structure, as well as many other factors set the tone of this paper. The result is a paper that has a provocative tone. A paper written in this authoritative style is helpful in his affiliation. It pulls the reader into the author’s ideas, making them your own. The tone of the paper allows descriptions to be extremely powerful in promoting Emerson’s ideas. The descriptions are numerous throughout the paper and there is a deep-seated one towards the end of the essay that really helps to shape it. â€Å"Society is a wave. The wave move onward, but the water of which it is composed does not. † The clear metaphor of society to the wave and the particles of water to the people distinctively demonstrate Emerson’s idea the society never advances. If a man is not self-confident and is unable to share himself with others, as people die so too does their experience. Nevertheless, the ability to be self-reliant eliminates this loss of experience. Although this metaphor is strong enough on its own to provide all of the support necessary for the idea that society never advances, Emerson adds to it and his other ideas with examples. The first examples used to support the lack of progression of society. The â€Å"civilized† man of the Americas and Europe compared to the â€Å"savages† of New Zealand. It is here that Emerson brings into question the digression in physical strength of men as he makes â€Å"advances. † These advances do just as much harm as good, making man lazy and indolent. Other areas that Emerson scrutinizes are the loss of skills that only years ago were essential, such as the ability to tell time by the sun, and the loss of attention to detail. With Emerson’s ideas clearly imbedded in our mind, and added by his style of inductive writing, he uses the consequences of ignoring him as the final blow in this battle to persuade. Although no consequence is clearly define, Emerson has made it more than clear what will happen if people do not become more individualistic. Society will stay as it is, no matter how many technological advances made. This fear of being no better nor advanced than previous eras is the most powerful motivator for change of all. Emerson’s challenge not to rely on fortune, rather to make things happen for you is exactly what he want it to be, motivational and persuasive. Conclusion In conclusion, the promotion of transcendentalism in Emerson’s essay â€Å"Self-Reliance† is the promotion of a way of better living according to Emerson. The structural support of self-reliance in â€Å"Self-Reliance† through tone, image, example, and the consequence of ignoring Emerson’s opinion achieves the goal of persuasion. This produces the final result of a vote for independence, telling, â€Å"Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles. † The promise of the transcendentalist of personal peace with the achievement of self-reliance would be nothing more than an outlandish idea without Emerson’s ability to structure and support his idea. Reference 1. AML2000 12 â€Å"Self-Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Page 29 222, Oct 2011 2. AML2000 12 â€Å"Self-Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Page 223, 29 Oct 2011

How can a criminal record affect your life? Essay

What is a criminal record? A criminal record is a document that lists a person’s criminal and penal convictions pronounced by the courts of Canada in accordance with federal laws such as the Criminal Code of Canada. However, violating a traffic rule of the Quebec Highway Safety Code is not a criminal offence and would not result in a criminal record. In fact, offences to provincial penal laws do not result in criminal records. When you are convicted of a crime, that conviction may have effects that stick with you for years to come. It can affect what kind of job you may get, where you can go to school, as well as other things. If you have a criminal record, it is important to fully understand what that means. Never hesitate to ask questions of your lawyer or your probation officer. Many youth believe their criminal record is wiped clean when they are eighteen. THIS IS NOT NECESSARILY TRUE. Changes in the law have made it more difficult to leave your record behind and get on with your life. If you have committed a less serious crime, your record will be sealed. This means you don’t have to tell anyone except a judge that you have been convicted of a crime as a youth. So, employers won’t be able to find this out. What crimes are serious and less serious? Certain types of criminal convictions can result in the suspension or revocation of your driver’s license. The most common example of this is the DUI case. Other types of cases, such as drug cases, can affect your driver’s license too. A criminal conviction can also affect a person’s ability to obtain or keep virtually every professional license that is regulated by the state. Some professions require that the crime be related to the duties of the profession before the license will be affected; others simply require the crime to be one of â€Å"moral turpitude.† Following are classes of crimes: If you were convicted of a Class A crime (Murder, Attempted Murder, Arson 1, Assault 1, Robbery 1), or a â€Å"sex crime† you will never be able to seal your record. If you were convicted of a Class B crime (Possession of Stolen Property, Burglary, Sale of Drugs, Theft 1), you must wait 10 years, and not be convicted of another crime in order to seal your record. If you were convicted of a Class C crime (Forgery, Possession of a Firearm, Taking of Motor Vehicle without Owner’s Possession), you must wait 5 years, and not be convicted of another crime in order to seal your record. If you were convicted of a crime for which you had to only perform public service or take a class, your record will be sealed when you are eighteen. There are many factors at work in the case of the professional who is accused of crime; it is critical that the advice of a competent, creative, and insightful defense attorney be considered, since a conviction can have ramifications far beyond the case itself. There are several disadvantages to having a criminal record: A criminal record may harm your chances of getting a job in certain fields (e.g.: jobs related to security, finance, etc.); A criminal record may cause serious hassles while traveling. In fact, to obtain a visa to enter some countries, you must prove that you do not have a criminal record. For example, the United States will deny entry to tourists or immigrants who have criminal records for some criminal offences: polygamy, prostitution, drug trafficking, spying, etc.; If you have a criminal record, and you are convicted of another crime, you will most likely be punished more severely than a person who does not have any previous convictions; A criminal record may prevent you from joining a professional order, from  obtaining licenses or permits, or from getting certain insurance policies. We have all made mistakes in our lives. But for some people those mistakes come with the penalty of a criminal record filed by the RCMP, the courts and any local police involved when the charges were laid. The result is a detailed trail of criminal activity, which permanently labels the person as such, even if no subsequent criminal behavior is ever committed. We live in a society that encourages us to constantly improve ourselves. We are told to make changes when life choices have not worked out. We are educated to better ourselves, to be more responsible and productive and to become more useful members of society in general. But how to do that when a criminal record is forever telling the world of your past? It is particularly in terms of employment that we are evaluated on our personal history. In a job interview what you have done defines who you are. A history of criminal activity not only creates restrictions on employment. It also affects travel to the United States, job advancement, volunteer work, child custody and adoption, ability to be bonded, personal credibility, peace of mind and more. Many job opportunities are simply not available to persons with a criminal record. The existence of any criminal record, no matter how insignificant it may seem, is a negative label and a disadvantage in life. Furthermore, a file will exist even in cases where the person was found not-guilty in court. Criminal convictions listed on a criminal record often stigmatize a person. Not long ago, a person’s criminal record stayed with him for life. Today, however, you can obtain a pardon for your offences. To do so, you must demonstrate your best behavior and avoid any criminal convictions for a specified period of time after you have served your sentence.

Health Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Health Administration - Essay Example Those tools help managers analyze the functioning of different healthcare processes, compare the results with previous outcomes, make required improvement in functions, and monitor the progress of functions. Some of the main quality measurement tools that I would use to improve healthcare processes include statistical process control charts, flowcharts, and Pareto charts. I would use this tool because it is associated with six sigma, which is an effective quality program that minimizes flaws in processes. As Taylor states, â€Å"Process control charts allow for variations within a process†. This tool would let me know how often variations occur in the quality of healthcare processes. I would use flowcharts because they are useful in locating bottlenecks in the processes. A bottleneck represents decrease in the outcome as compared to the input. I would use flowcharts because they would help me locate and remove the bugs in different healthcare processes. I would use Pareto charts because they help in identifying common reasons behind problems in processes. These charts would help me isolate the 20 percent causes that give rise to 80 percent problems in healthcare

Effective Leadership Styles Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effective Leadership Styles - Movie Review Example In this paper, the leadership skills reflected by Carter will be discussed and the focus of which will be mainly on goal setting, self-motivation, determination, evaluation and communication. From the time the coach went to the school where he coached, he made it clear to the team that he is the team leader and the players are his team members. It is believed that such clear lay-out of the roles of each member helps in making the goals as well as the rules and regulations clearly defined so that they may be achieved in due time. Before the team even started with their rehearsals, the coach made the goal very clear and he even gave them contracts to sign in order for them to take things more seriously. There was not only verbal explanation given to the students but a meeting with their parents was also called for to make them understand the situation and for them to be informed also of the contract the students agreed upon. Kinicki et.al consider goals as the starting point for all mo tivations because having an objective keeps people focused on the things they must do in order for them to achieve their goals. ... Trying to simultaneously achieve the short term and long term goals have been extremely challenging to Carter but these always made him more focused on the steps he needed to take. Although his team was undefeated, which would be every coach’s dream; Carter was not satisfied with their performances because they failed to live by the contract that they agreed upon from the start of his job. Therefore, he travelled an extra mile in order to help further the players in their academic performances. He made sacrifices with his time and decisions, not wavered by the arguments of his colleagues, students and their parents. He stuck to his priorities and was focused ore than ever with his goals. Detractors abound in every corner and they could either serve as challenges or obstacles that stop people from achieving their goals. In The Art of Leadership, Dag Heward-Mills encourages leaders to become self-motivated (2006) and not to expect direction or encouragement from outside. Indeed, more often than not, people can easily become pessimistic and become discouragements rather than encouragements. Thus, it is important that leaders should have that spirit of motivating themselves first and foremost before getting motivated by others. In the film mentioned earlier, Carter was surrounded by oppositions and impossibilities but he knew his goals and he knew he could succeed if he did his best. While most of his colleagues were encouraging him to give in to the clamor of the students and parents to let the students play despite their failing grades, Carter sought to achieve his goals, clinging to his set of rules and not compromising his principles. In line with the motivation that Carter had, he was also determined to

Summary of book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of book - Essay Example These images present readers with printed and verbal vocabulary required by specialists, public representatives, and residents to analyze the unregulated expansion of the American urban landscape (Hayden 2006). The book is a definitive narrative of contemporary words used by today’s architects and designers. A printed and visual dictionary for today’s property developers is necessary for keeping up with the pace of modern housing and all other physical elements that go with it. Metropolitan areas in the United States are structured around sustainable growth, where new expansive regions of vehicle-based buildings prosper while older districts fade away (Hayden 2006). Each of the images come with brief descriptions of their backgrounds in relation to their respective designers, as well as how they affect neighboring real estates. The transition from sprawl to sustainable urban settings causes Americans to resist sprawl guidelines or designs. In the process, challenging economic powers to pursue a steady and incorporated urban environment has not yet forfeited the mindless growth of

Personal Savings and Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Savings and Insurance - Essay Example at the very primitive reason behind an individual’s or a family’s savings is financial security which guarantees safety for the basic necessities for living. There is also a need of financial security for unexpected emergencies, illness or unemployment. This trend of saving for safety needs is very evident in families with income which is neither very large nor very small. Families with large income do not need to save for safety needs and families with small income do not have any extra sums to save for safety needs. Individuals with smaller families prefer to save money for improving their lifestyles and like to spend on luxury items like vacation trips, nicer car and purchasing property. This trend is observed in people having no children. These luxury items tend to change the lifestyle of the individuals as a whole and give a substantial return to the individuals for their savings according to their perspective. This tendency is present in all individuals but is mostly observed in family heads with larger incomes. Such individuals give priority to saving money for their relationships and consider saving for children’s education, gifts for relatives etc their responsibility. When the individuals have fulfilled all the basic and primitive needs of their life, they move forward towards the higher objectives and for the fulfillment of those higher objectives they require savings. This trend is observed in older people with comparatively larger incomes who want to spend their money in charity and some of them also want to set up businesses of their own. The tendency is to achieve the goals which they set up for themselves at earlier ages of their lives. 6. The improving economic conditions nationally and internationally and recovery from recession is encouraging people to spend more and save a smaller proportion of the income because the economy is doing very well and they can rely on their spending and previous investments for financials security. 8.

Effective teaching methodologies that reflect the need of the Dissertation

Effective teaching methodologies that reflect the need of the learner,what are the particular constraints in the classroom,is th - Dissertation Example Educators and linguistics professionals identify that the current teaching methodologies provide enough support and motivation to enrich English as a second language. Different teaching methods like direct, grammar-translation, audio-lingual and interactive methods satisfy the needs of the learner to an extent. Learners get opportunity to develop critical thinking, effective learner feedback, and interactive session. Analysing the current status of ESL program, we can easily comprehend the fact that some developments are needed in the field of curriculum preparation, overcrowded class rooms, and active learner involvement for satisfying learner requirements. Emergence of modern technology paved the way for the formation of digitalization and other well equipped classrooms and it helps tea teachers and language instructors to prepare curriculum and the design of instructional materials. Implementation of various methods in ESL classrooms creates problems in creating active learner par ticipation. This dissertation is an attempt to find out different methods and strategies for teaching English effectively in ESL settings. The research is based on effect of various methods and approaches already implemented in ESL classrooms. ... The researcher expects that the study helps to understand various problems and areas that need changes or developments for getting structured outcome in the field of second language learning. †¢ Background of the Problem The study seeks mainly the effectiveness of various teaching methods and approaches among the ESL classrooms. As a part of general education, teaching English as second language is subjected to frequent changes. Learner requirements in the field of ESL classrooms show some noteworthy signs of changes. So the study has its significance in current status of learning English as second language. Changing of teaching methods and approaches sometimes act as barriers in the way acquiring English as L2. Investigate the effectiveness of methods and approaches in ESL class room offers new insight in establishing structured developments and improvisation in second language acquisition. Even though emergence of modern technologies and developments provide maximum exposure f or learners, some areas like, structured curriculum and fulfilment of learner requirements needs further researches. †¢ Statement of the Problem The study explores current status of teaching methods and approaches practiced in ESL classrooms. The research investigates the effectiveness of various methods and approaches and how these methods satisfy the learner requirements. It also discusses various problems that affect ESL classrooms. So the study entitled Effective teaching methodologies that reflect the need of the learner, is the current teaching approaches equipped to effectively teach English as an L2? †¢ 2. Literature Review (1) Methods of teaching /learning Methods of teaching/learning

Professional Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Professional Skills - Assignment Example The paper under consideration will focus on the professional skills for the career development of a new graduate job applicant. The author will touch upon employment criteria expected in first job, small medium enterprises (SME) and its employment potential. Also the writer will discuss the ethical duties and responsibilities of a computer professional, investigate the hard and soft skills best to offer to the employer. Team skill was given a special attention in this paper, and the writer presents his personal experience and ability in team skill. The reference list includes both online and written sources. Introduction. Working in different job environment and acquiring new information and knowledge about particular profession enhance the professional skill of an individual. In order to acquire perfect professional skill an extensive knowledge in current technology is also essential. Since the world is progressing at a staggering rate, the demands of employers and customers are getting high. The public is highly knowledgeable and sophisticated and hence demands high care and service from the professionals. Even organizations which are modern require professionals who are qualified and exceptionally skilled. They want their employees to be extremely good at communication and interpersonal skills and offer quality service to the organization. If the professionals are less competent they can lag behind in their profession .It is also essential for the professional t o learn continually when they are at work. Professional skills can vary in every individual as it is depended upon the personality and training received by a person. People who understand and assess their own skill have a better opportunity to grow in a professional environment Employment Criteria Expected in First Job As a graduate in Business computing, certain employment criteria’s are looked in for when joining a new Job. Since I have just finished the education, the anticipation is to join a company which can give me maximum professional knowledge relating to my fieild.The employment offer should be from a multinational company as it can increase my exposure to outside world and also deliver maximum opportunity to understand more intense technical skills. The company should be efficient in providing training to enhance my professional skills so that I can deliver maximum service to the company. I want to join a company who values my ability and have trust and faith in me. As per Wise Geek(2011)â€Å" To employees, faith and trust in an employer are extremely important. These two components will go a long way in earning an employee's respect, but there are a number of other factors to consider†. I must feel that the employer understand my professional skills and knowledge and put enough trust in me to do justice to my position in the new job. The employment also should offer a reasonable remuneration to me which I consider is compatible with my qualification and technical knowledge. The environment of the work place should also be safe, comfortable and friendly so that less discomfort is experienced while working. The work timings should not be too constraint as it can develop stress and pressure in personal life. Being a new professional, the credibility of the

Report on the Financial State of Affairs of Central Pool and Taff View Assignment

Report on the Financial State of Affairs of Central Pool and Taff View Pool - Assignment Example The important factor for consideration both in the case of Central Pool as well as Taff View is that there seems to be an immediate need for the sales to be enhanced since there is gross underutilization of the operating assets. This is evidenced by the Ratios of Operating Profit to Operating assets and the Sales to Operating assets. As against the ratio of operating assets to operating profit of 21% in the case of Field Park it is 1.55% and 4.60% for Central Pool and Taff View respectively. These ratios are very low. Similarly, the ratio of sales to operating assets is only 1.10%... We can review this report together once you have gone through the basics. We can take up from there for the implementation of any suitable plan of action for the overall financial improvement of the units concerned. The important factor for consideration both in the case of Central Pool as well as Taff View is that there seems to be an immediate need for the sales to be enhanced since there is gross underutilization of the operating assets. This is evidenced by the Ratios of Operating Profit to Operating assets and the Sales to Operating assets. As against the ratio of operating assets to operating profit of 21% in the case of Field Park it is 1.55% and 4.60% for Central Pool and Taff View respectively. These ratios are very low. Similarly, the ratio of sales to operating assets is only 1.10% for Central Pool and 1.34% for Taff View, whereas the same ratio for Field Park is 2.80%. Comparatively the ratios for Central Pool and Taff View are poor. Similarly, the profitability of both Taff View and Central Pool is well below the comparative profitability of Field Park. This is quite obviously exhibited by the operating profit to sales ratio of both facilities. The operating profit to sales ratios stands at 1.41% for Central Pool and 3.44% for Taff View. These are very low as compared to the ratio of 7.60% for Field Park signifying the profitability of both the facilities is not up to the mark.  

Advertisements and Tourism Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertisements and Tourism Websites - Essay Example Advertisements and websites are the most prolific example of segmented marketing, where the target group decides the contents of advertisements. In the rapid globalization and advancing technology, websites of tourism are the most popular form of advertisements for the tourism industry whose. Tourism websites have become popular primarily because they are able to provide the customers with the necessary information and services that facilitate their desire for relaxation and at the same time whet their appetite for adventure. People have the inherent urge for adventure and tourist industry, the world over has left no stone unturned in order to provide an exciting adventure in the remotest part of the world. The information explosion and e-commerce activities in the tourism industry have further added to the attraction. The websites have made even a middle-class person, with limited resources, to crave for the attractions and exciting new packages that are on offers by the travel agen cies. ‘http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel’ is one such website that is designed to seduce the customers with a vast choice of places offering attractive schemes. Rest and relaxation are an integral part of human nature where different people have different notion of rejuvenating themselves. The tips given by the travelers are designed to inspire and boost the confidence of the future customers.

Euphoria Case Study Essay Example for Free

Euphoria Case Study Essay Human life as we know has been proven better with a scientific discovery created through the efforts of Pseudoscience Research Inc. (PRI), a conglomerate pharmaceutical corporation responsible for other life-changing advances in modern biological science and technology today. This new discovery is guaranteed to improve the quality of life for most people and would eventually establish a harmonious society human beings aspire for since time immemorial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a lavish ceremony held at the offices of PRI, the miracle drug was unveiled to wide public acclaim. It was described as one of the most innovative and promising invention of the 22nd century. The drug Euphoria is generally regarded as the most effective and best-selling drug since viagra hit the stores. Euphoria comes from the Greek word euphoros meaning healthy. As what its name espouses, Euphoria aims to improve the lives of the majority of people who live life in constant depression, poverty, and hunger by inducing natural happiness and elation. Indeed, Euphoria changes everything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a response to the growing demand in society, PRI started to conduct research on a drug that may well be the biological ubermensch of the masses in order to rid of constant financial, social, and personal problems that the individual has to experience on a daily basis. On July 14, 1971, PRI jumpstarted the research on a new medicine that will biologically eliminate problems and hardships of an individual by developing a pill concentrated with endorphins and other happiness-inducing chemicals that will harmlessly alter the genetic code of the person as well as increase the normal endorphin count of the normal human body. Thus, Euphoria was born. Since the drugs invention, it has been tested on human subjects to adhere to the pre-existing laws on animal welfare in lieu with testing. During the early 90s, PRI was threatened with bankruptcy as the company was openly criticized for making an amoral and immoral drug simultaneously. Mostly pro-life groups rejected the idea of the drug, as it did not value human life while intellectuals criticized it as something that is atrocious since it takes out choice of a person to be miserable. But it was a famous Hollywood actress who supported the drug and brought PRI into the A-list of corporations in the world today. The three-time Oscar winner actress argued publicly that the drug has helped her made her career and improved her way of life ever since. Consequently, PRI sales on Euphoria went up by 50% in just a year and soon the company made a name for itself as one of the leading brands in healthcare in 2004. Today, Euphoria has replaced painkillers, anti-depressants, and other small-time antibiotics since it completely prevents the user from getting sick. It has been proven effective with absolutely no side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, stomach pains, chest pains, headaches, fever, and death. Since its invention, the drug has been widely-used by the public and from substantial surveys conducted by PRI itself, it has been revealed that almost 95.457% of the population take the drug as an answer to the problems since there are no other drugs that will enable them to be happy and successful. In addition, that percentage also proves the drugs popularity and effectiveness, as it won numerous awards including the Discovery of the Year recognition from Time Magazine. In 2008, the drug established the name of PRI, becoming the worlds foremost conglomerate in medicinal development. Humble Beginnings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The credit with the creation of the phenomenal drug goes to Dr. William Falsetto, a Harvard medicine graduate, who got the sudden inspiration of creating Euphoria during a friendly banter over a couple of beers when his colleague suggested him to create a drug that has a natural high without the side effects rival to that of viagra and morphine. Because of his background as a distinguished alumnus of one of the top universities in the world, his credibility follows with his invention and therefore the drugs eventual success. [1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He based his assumptions from an empirical laboratory experiment wherein he carefully tested the number of endorphins that the human body produces at a normal rate. After determining such, he further experimented on the subject with three substantive theories. First is to determine the amount of endorphins that a normal body produces when exercising. In a result published in the PRI research journal from 1991, Falsetto concluded that the body gives off 86% more endorphins that stimulate happiness and elation.[2] However, he debunked his theory stating that exercising is not an activity done by majority of the masses and would therefore cause a low selling and marketing rate. The second theory was to determine the amount of endorphins when eating large amounts of chocolate. The result was also promising but Falsetto soon discovered that chocolate-induced happiness is followed by undesirable side-effects such as diabetes and fluctuating sugar levels of the body. The last theory proved to be the most effective as Falsetto discovered that endorphins could be extracted as a solid powder form and could be placed in regular tablets sold. The formula is of course under strict protection of the PRI, NSA, CIA, FBI, EUROPOL and the United Nations, but Falsetto disclosed in a press interview when the drug reached its 10th year of success that it contains naturally-produced endorphins that add to the natural threshold of the human body and it increases happiness that in turn causes motivation, energy, and a positivist attitude. He boldly added that the drug can replace viagra since it also increases the sexual drive of the human body. Because of his background as a Harvard graduate, the credibility of the drug was never compromised when it went on sale since 1995.[3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation with the drugs almost monumental failure, the Hollywood actress who still refuses to reveal her identity said that it almost saved her life and career. Since then, PRI inaugurated the celebrated actress as one of the chairpersons of the company and eventually her ascension as the CEO of the company. Her statement reached almost the entirety of Hollywoods royalty and soon, millions of people were convinced of Euphoria. Heads of State and royal families soon followed suit, stating the drugs effectivity and rationality over decision-making, political relationships, and terrorist negotiations. The drug also replaced the harmful and illegal drugs such as cocaine and marijuana since Euphoria induced a natural high without the hallucinogens found in the illegal drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2001, 92% of the world population agreed on the use of Euphoria and consequently stamped out the drugs immoral and unethical issues regarding its use and nature. The test subjects widely accepted the drug[4] since the drug contains natural endorphins, and it follows that it marginally increases elation and happiness feeling for the person. Since happiness and elation are important for personal motivation, the drug then helps in changing the mood of the person as well as affecting change with regards to eating habits and behavior. Also, work production has also been increased since employees are now very happy with their work. Euphoria also replaces viagra as a safe alternative since the drug is naturally produced. With health issues, endorphins also increase the white blood count of the body and therefore prevent the body from acquiring diseases.[5] Majority of the people agree on the drug since it is right for the body and life as well as the right thing to do. Its moral issues were disproved since there are no deaths or accidents that are linked to the drug.[6]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1992, there was a worldwide appeal to governments that the standard of living for most of the countries is declining because of unemployment and poverty. However, as soon as Euphoria was introduced to the world, many agree that the drug has saved many lives. It is noteworthy to mention that in one of the political debates in the UN meeting of 2007, the assembly concluded that the quality of life is steadily declining and if the case is not addressed, more human lives are at stake. Either the drug should be globally legalized or the world would continue to degrade in terms of living standards and health issues. Naturally, the drug was finally given worldwide approval during September of that year, and since then, it has been proven effective.[7] However, several pharmaceutical companies rejected the claim of Euphoria to be a universal solution for biological problems. The case went to court, but it was easily dismissed by the ruling that there were no substantive claims to prove that the drug was indeed ineffective. Consequently, it also proved to be the turning point for major and minor drug companies as PRI bought the companies and formed into a multi-national biological research company.[8] Furthermore, since there are contentions with regards the effects of the medicine, it has concluded that the medicines claims are true. Mr. Falsetto received the Nobel Peace prize for Medicine and named one of the 22nd centurys greatest thinkers.[9]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of Euphorias discovery and monumental success, it has been regarded as the drug that saved the world from misery and caused much development in the quality of living for the whole world. There are no more wars, political maneuvering, strife, poverty, and colds. The global quality of life has improved, notable through the many recent milestones in human history such as excessive singing, the development of the cure against AIDS and HIV, and a harmonious societal structure where there is no class struggle and alienation since everybody is equally happy. Thanks to Dr. Willam Falsetoo, the world is now a better place.[10] [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ad Hominem (Argument to the Man) [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Error of Fact [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weak Analogy [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ad Populum (Appeal to the Masses) [5]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hasty Generalization [6]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equivocation [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚   False Dichotomy [8]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Appeal to Ignorance [9]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Burden of Proof [10]   Post Hoc (False Cause)

Corporate and brand strategy of Indian telecommunications organization

Corporate and brand strategy of Indian telecommunications organization IDEA Cellular Limited entered to world of Indian Telecommunication in year 2002 after a long series of businesses and collaborations with other companies and groups under Birla group of companies.  [1]  Since then, the company has kept its core center of attention on maximizing the subscriber base and gain maximum share in the GSM mobile services market .The major brand identification happened after bollywood actor Abhishek Bachchan became the brand ambassador with slogan- An Idea can change your life with various ground-breaking adverstiments specially to attract rural people in country For this assignment, information was gathered from various online sources and books. I first explained the corporate and brand strategy for the firm and then analyzed the firms strengths and weaknesses by conducting a SWOT analysis. The next step was to design the marketing strategy for the firm. I positioned the marketing goals and objectives and evaluate the 4 Ps of the firm and then developed the 4 Ps that the firm would utilize in the next year. The final step was based on 7Cs to analysis the company website which helped to developed online strategy for Idea. Industry Analysis: Subscriber base Analysis: As per telecom regulatory authority of India report by October 2010 total subscriber data reached 742.12 million out of which wireless subscriber base reaches 706.69 with overall increase of 2.61% from last year.  [2]   As published latest performance indicator report for quarter April-June 2010 YOY growth is 48.73%  [3]   In rural India teledensity for wireless telephone subscribers is 33.0% where as in urban areas teledensity is 67.0% Top players in wireless telephone subscribers are Bharti, Reliance, Vodafone, Tata and Idea Idea is no.5 player contributes 10.76% to total Indian Telecom wireless industry. Average revenue Per User (ARPU) has dropped by 7% over the last quarter MOU for customers dropped to 2.2% as compared to last quarter results. Source: Telephone Regulatory Authority of India Press Release from May 2010 to October 2010 Reasons for growth in telecom services: Escalating telecom services with improving infrastructure. Introducing new and new service providers. Declining tariffs due to increase in competition to attract lots of customers. Reducing handset costs help in the growth of the industry. Company Analysis: Idea Cellular Limited (!DEA) is one of the leading mobile service provider in India with number of subscribers 74.2 million as on Sept,2010 . Idea is in 11 out of 22 service areas, covering ~80% of the national subscriber base.  [4]  . It is the one of the fastest growing mobile service in India. Idea offers number of services as per customer needs with some unique feature like-womens card for special need of woman (always want to talks more),youth card for young generation of India. Recently idea is awarded with 3G range in 11 major areas out of 22 in India with cover major revenues of Idea. Source: Telephone Regulatory Authority of India report as on 30.10.2010 Mission Statement: We will delight our customers while meeting their individual communication needs anytime anywhere. We survive because of our customers. Porters 5 Force Model(book detail)work required from allessays-incompleted Category Impact Cause Threat of New Entrants High Rules are set by TRAI for new entrants in telecommunication sector .And competition is increasing as new and new entrants are emerging in the market which will become a big challenge for Idea. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Low Cause of service based industry few suppliers are in the market and supplier lacks bargaining power is low. There is huge competition in the market for suppliers for hardware supplies (handsets) and software supplies (mobile software or operations) which makes the bargain power low for suppliers. Bargaining Power of Buyers High Increase of customer awareness for new offers from different brands and number of options available to them to choose the best for themselves, increase in competition make lots of options available to customers which increase the braining power of buyers. Substitutes Low VOIP, Wireless and satellites services have negligible effect on mobile phone operations as they can provide the connectivity when on the move and in turn act as substitute for mobile phones. It means threats from substitutes is low. Rivalry High High Price Competition, High agitate Rate and Promotional offers from competitors are very regular to attract the customers in this industry which gives high rivalry rate. SWOT Analysis: Competitor Analysis Mobile Industry is booming in India with new companies entering every year. Currently the pattern follows by Indian Telecommunication is having metro with highest presence of all major telecommunication companies followed by Circle A and B with presence of only major players and lowest Circle mainly rural areas where only govt support like BSNL operates. With this heavy competition companies are trying their best to find appropriate positions of distinguish their products. There are a few pan-national players like Idea while some are concentrated to particular areas. Idea main focus areas are voice and data traffic and unique VAS services which are primarily through prepaid talk time plans. The lack of brand loyalty among consumers letting competition stronger and stronger in the market. The major Competitors for Idea are: Bharti Airtel Reliance Vodafone Tata BSNL Segmentation: Idea cellular provides GSM mobile services in different regions across various circles. The consumer market for mobile services is majorly segmented as: Geography: Indian telecom industry is divided into 22 main circles and Idea operates in all sector offering different and customised services according to circle .for eg for Punjab circle it provide customised services as Punjab are users and same for other circles as per their requirements. Even there is distinguished between rural and urban area users. Idea mainly penetrates towards rural areas Demographic: Customers are segmented according to their ages and Idea offers mobile services accordingly to age and gender. Young customer between age 15-25 years require less cost and high usage where Idea offer young cards to these age group customers. Same for males and females segment they have different attitudes to use of mobile phones. Considering this Idea offer women cards where with low cost women can talk for long time. Behavioral: On the basis of user type customer can segmented corporate or individual .Idea offer special facilities for people belong to same organization On basis of usage rate customers can segmented as light (dont use mobile much), medium and heavy (use mobile very frequently) and Idea provide special benefits to such type of users. On basis of user status customers are segmented as first time users and regular brand loyal customers. Idea offers lots of different cards and benefits for first time user so that they become brand loyal and better and new offers to regular customers to maintain their brand loyalty. Benefits: Customers mainly classified on basis of their level of customization and the type of services they required. Few customers always prefer to have hassle free and simple plans mainly the old group and few customers always prefer regular customized plan accordingly to their requirements and usage timing. For some customer network and connectivity is more important rather than any plans and offers. Target Market: Idea follows on multi segment approach working on the demands of different segment areas. To target Youth or young people between the age 15 to 25 years, Idea started My-Gang Pre-Paid card on which the local group calls rate 10 paisa per minute and message one paisa per minute. To attract women Idea introduce Women card which provide offers like emergency calling, calling at the rate of 50/min from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.(kitty party rates). Idea not only young and women customers but offers lots of customized products to provide to various different segmentation of people like lovers, business people, old age people, low income people Market Position and Branding: Brand Strategy: Innovate. Stimulate. Liberate.  [5]   The telecom industry is growing at a very rapid pace. As per the Ansoff Product (book details)- IDEA going along with the Market Development Strategy. Main focus of Idea is to target new markets for eg:rural area of India. Idea mobile provides affordable and reliable services with efficient and stable network in count to, innovative and customised products that set free customers from limitations of time The different ad campaigns based on An Idea can change your life (finally a ad series called what an idea sirji) mainly focused towards creating new ideas, raise awareness and provide solutions to social issues which brings the presence of Ideas network in depth everywhere across India. Yet to explain Marketing Mix: 1.Product Idea Cellular provides services like: Voice and SMS service: Idea offers voice and SMS services at very competitive prices to its customers. Starting with services in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, it has now expanded its network to all major circles. Value Added Services: To achieve customer loyalty Idea offer Value Added Services (VAS) major targets women, business people, and young people. Major VAS services includes: GPRS: Witht he increase in internet usage, Idea offer GPRS service to its customer where they use internet whenever they required on their mobile phones and even it offers customers to access mail with real time synchronization with mail server specially for business users. Idea Radio: Idea in collaboration with Radio to offer its customer radio services on mobile. Music Messaging: Cellular Jockey is service where you can send music SMS to your friends and loved one. Other Value Added Services: Other services include live TV streaming, easy billing option, payment by mobile of utility bills, travel booking etc. Wireless Internet: Idea provide wirless serives uder name of Idea net setter in form of plug and play which is simply a USB which require no extra installation to surf internet Strategy for next year: Following the traits, mobile market could reach maturity in next 5-6 years where then differentiation should base only on the services mobile companies provided. So for coming years Idea mobiles should concentrate more on urban market as well with new service offering as presently Idea is more concentrate to rural market.. The following could be some new features they should consider: Idea can come up with new and attractive plans like few years back they introduced caller tunes which really attracted people but at extra costs now in coming time they should provide these services as a part of basic packages. Like other countries they should tie up with mobile manufacturing companies to provide handset along with sim cards and packages. To invest more in rural market they should provide basic information like weather upates,news free of cost cause major of the rural India people depends upon farming. 2. Price: Pricing strategy and Implementation One of the main impact of increased competition is the price wars among companies which result to lower their prices (1paise per second), to survive in the market. Idea should also follow the same pricing strategy to remain in the market because customer who choose idea for low price will else move to other low price mobile service providers which is further aggravated by soon with introduction of MNP (mobile number portability) where customer dont require to change their number. However financial implications of pricing model will affect the overall profitability of company. This turn down is mainly determined by two factors: reduced tariff and customer is billed on per second rather than per minute because previously when a customer talked for 10 seconds he was charged for one minute but now if the customer calls for only 10 second then he will charged for 10 second only. These low levels of margins are not sustainable in the long term, where after some time they have to increase their prices to sustain in market. Although Idea can pick up on its profitability by reducing operating costs. Idea should try to focus on its major rural market by reducing prices and keep loyal to brand 3. Place: Objective: Idea Cellular operates in all 22 service areas/circles parts where more than 76% revenue comes from areas like Delhi, AP, Gujarat, MP, UP, Haryana, Kerala Source: The Telephone regulatory auhotirty of India Press release for subscriber base as on 30.10.2010 The medium of service distribution is as follows: My Idea and Idea Zone: The direct retail shops from Idea which provide all services from buying new connection to pay bills recharge topups, plan change, buying wirless services or idea products. These outlets are located within the city area to cover maximum users. Local Retailers: The authorised distributors of Idea services located anywhere in the city. They only provide services like new connections and recharge top ups but not deal in services special like lost SIM replacement, customer complaint handling etc. At some of these shops, there are facilities for bill payment and cheque drop box. Internet: The Company can also obtain all information from Idea website.Custmoers can also pay their bills, buy top ups. Strategy for next year: Setup more and more My Idea stores, and Idea Zones which help them to directly interact with the customers provide better solutions to theory requests. Open kiosk at important places for bill payment and complaint registrations. Because of India law for security norms, process for apllying new connection is still manual, Idea should try to ease the process to increase the customer experience. 4.Promotion: Objective Most of the mobile companies are providing almost same type of services with few modifications. In this case it is really important to position your brand as best as possible and for this the best idea is to promote the brand with best multimedia campaign and market communication. The objective of campaigns is to communicate the customer various new plans, their features, and promotions. Message and Creative strategy: Idea has developed the whole marketing communication around social issues. The use of brand name Idea in its tagline An Idea can change your life is well placed. It mainly follows two different strategies of creating brand awareness and creating and loyialty for brand purchase intention: Transformational appeal: To create brand awareness, they emphasize to stir up emotions that will motivate purchase especially in rural areas. For example: a 90-second advertisement, where a girl is denied to join the school because of non availability, Abhishek Bachchan who is the principal of the school comes up with idea of starting mobile classes. The students will gather around a mobile to learn the lessons and teachers communicate wirelessly. To make interest, they just showed only a 10 second teaser for first few days and after creating a curiosity among the audience they aired full 90 second commercial. Informational appeal: To create and facilitate brand purchase intention, idea designs campaigns which elaborate product attributes or benefits. In such kind of campaign major attributes like call rates or other benefits such as free talk-time or value added services are highlighted. To fulfil this end they go for product comparison ads (for example: to communicate the benefits of womens calling card they developed a campaign which depicts women from different backgrounds having different lifestyle using their Idea womens calling card to fulfil their different needs such as advice, security and beauty tips). To get the attention of the target audience, first half of the commercial is shot in a background of 1960s i.e. in retro environment. Communication Channels: Mass Media: Television: Idea follows a mass marketing strategy like all other brands because this medium has highest reach in the country. To communicate through this channel: Idea buys television slots from 10 sec to 90 sec in famous TV shows. The concept of advertisement is created by agency Lowe Lintas, Idea choose Abhishek Bachan as their brand ambassador. Idea also sponsors sports events such as that of IPL (became one of the sponsor of Mumbai Indians) which are broadcasted on the TV and watched by millions. Idea sponsors famous award functions and TV reality shows Idea Khataron Ke Khiladi- Part 2, Idea Bharat Ki Shaan on DD, Idea IIFA awards, Idea Filmfare Awards etc. which helps in improving brand image. Print Media: This is mainly used to highlight plans and offers. Whenever a new plan is launched, Idea give full page ads in the leading newspapers and on regular bases Idea give ads about different tariffs and plans. Billboards and Hoardings: Idea places its billboards and hoardings at several places in the city such as on a roadside near a traffic light or on highways. The design is customised according to the region. This helps the company in connecting with the diverse target audience at a local level. Tie up with IOC: Idea also tied up with Indian Oil Corporation to use their petrol pumps and gas agencies for branding and distribution of Idea sim cards and recharge vouchers. Online advertisement: Idea comes up with different campaigns on internet websites from time to time to interact and connect with large online youth community. Mobile advertisement: Idea runs several campaigns and contests on mobile to engage existing customers and reward them through monetary prize, thus, reinforcing the relation of Idea with the customer. 7 Cs of marketing: (book model in appendix) The website of Idea Cellular services is http://www.ideacellular.com/. The website analysis on the basis of 7 Cs of marketing is as follows: Contract: Idea website is divided into nine sections including Home, Prepaid, Postpaid, VAS and Roaming, Business offerings, Customer care, Blackberry, Wireless internet, investors. Website is not too complex and easy to understand even for a person who dont know much about using of internet sites for getting information and can pay online bills indicates that Ideas believe in simplicity for the sake of customers. Content: The content of website is quite useful and presents all the necessary information to customers as well as investors. It covers like company history, major events, press releases, company mission, values, products etc for everyone. From investors prospective it covers sharing holding pattern, Annual reports, presentations etc.Idea users can login for their personal account in website for check details, update them, paying bills etc. Overall it provides required the valuable information Construction: The website is user friendly and easy to use. Connectivity to different tabs is accessible on home page as well as individual tabs itself. All tabs/sections provide simple and direct meaning about their significance. Community: There are different types of communities which keep on entering the market to let people connect. Idea will let you to connect to facebook as well now. Presently people can part of Kaho whats your idea community. Customization: Presently Idea website does not let any customization of any products or plans. If user want any change in their mobile phone plans they have to visit Idea retail outlets The only option available is that people can register their themselves for new connections on available plans or edit their personal details. Communication: There is one common tab appear as a banner for all sections of website run five(presently) promotional advertisements which keep on changing about new plans, products, offers of the company. These advertisements are comparatively of short duration (few seconds).The website is not loud to support the Idea of simplicity. Commerce: The website provides current users to pay their bills,recharge their top ups and edit their personal details.

Paradoxes and contradictions presented in Macbeth

Paradoxes and contradictions presented in Macbeth Paradoxes and contradictions (foul and fair, and so on) presented in Macbeth In William Shakespeares tragedy, Macbeth, readers are introduced to a harsh world of war, murder and treachery. At the beginning of the play three witches tell Macbeth that in his life time he will become Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, as well as the King of Scotland. At first Macbeth is slow to believe the prediction of the witches, but after the first two prophecies come to fruition Macbeth becomes power hungry. Throughout the drama readers see both the rise and fall of Macbeth. Macbeths coming to power, through destructive and immoral means, creates a world of mistrust in most, if not all, characters. Shakespeare exploits this world of uncertainty and evil by adding many contradictions and paradoxes pertaining to trust and darkness. After the original murder of Duncan in Macbeths castle characters become very uneasy because there is obviously a traitor among them. Trust becomes a big issue among those in the castle, and others concerned for the well being of Scotland. Shakespeare emphasizes the trust versus mistrust issue by using specific literary devices. In the very first scene one of the witches utters the famous paradox, Fair is foul and foul is fair (1.1.) This paradox means that appearances can be very deceiving and there is fine line between good/evil and trust/mistrust. Before the murder of Duncan Macbeth has an Gillis 2 internal battle with his conscience, he reflects on the fact that Duncan is here in double trust. There are in fact two reasons for him to be protecting the King. He says, Hes here in double trust:/ First, as I am his kinsman and his subject,/ Strong both against the deed; then, as his host,/ Who should against his murderer shut the door,/ Not bear the knife myself. (1.7.). Ultimately Macbeths vaulting ambition(1.7) overrides his conscience and he does murder Duncan in his own castle. After the deed is committed Macbeth panics. He sees ghosts and believes that he will never sleep again. Lady Macbeth reminds him that he must keep remain calm and hide his guilt to maintain the trust of the other members of the Kings party. False face must hide what the false heart doth know(1.7.). Hiding the truth is Macbeth and Lady Macbeth main focus, along with attempting to murder anyone who stands in the way of the continuation of their royal linage. The question of who to trust is also seen when Macduff travels to England to seek the help of Malcolm, Malcolm tests him by making himself out to be a tyrant that has no interest in kingly duties and MacDuff reacts with despair, O my breast,/ Thy hope ends here!(4.3.) Malcolm then decides that MacDuff is indeed a loyal patron of Scotland and he may trust him. The uneasiness of the characters is amplified by Shakespeares emphasis on trust. It is extremely difficult to tell your friends from your enemies when a traitor is among them. Shakespeare also uses light and darkness to enhance the images of good and evil throughout the play. Macbeth often makes reference to darkness as if he is shamefully trying to run away and hide from his thoughts and actions. Even before the murder of Duncan he feels guilty. Macbeth says, Stars hide your fires,/ Let not light see my black Gillis 3 and deepest desires(1.4.) The darkness of the night is then embraced my both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as they attempt to hide their evil deeds from the public eye. It seems as though the characters in Macbeth believe that the cover of darkness is needed when committing acts of violence and corruption. The witches are also associated with darkness. Banquo refers to them as instruments of darkness (1.3) and Macbeth calls them secret, black, and midnight hags(4.1) These references give readers a sense that the witches are mischievous and evil rather than simply the messengers of good news and predictors of great fortunes. The darkness also seems to blur the lines between reality and the supernatural. All of the appearances of the witches occur during the night deep in the wood, where it is hard to tell reality apart from a paranoid imagination. The light and your eyes may play tricks on you causing you to think or believe something fictional. This is why Shakespeare only had the witches materialize under these circumstances, to enhance the effect of the supernatural. Light is also used as a metaphor for life. In Macbeths final soliloquy he says, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools/ The way to dusty death. Out, out brief candle! (5.5.) Shakespeare compares life to the flame of a candle. The candle can be extinguished easily and in the grand scheme of things it only burns for a tremendously small amount of time. It does not matter how long the candle has been burning it can be blown out at any point. This is an especially interesting comparison because those murdered in Macbeth are of all ages, from King Duncan to Macduffs children. Throughout this tragedy Shakespeare uses many literary devices to make certain aspects of his writing stand out to the reader. The paradoxes, contradictions and metaphors Gillis 4 used in Macbeth constructed a sort of onstage world where it is impossible to trust anyone. At any point there could be someone hidden in the darkness ready to take your life. Scotland has been enveloped in a shadow of darkness, and the result is disorder, chaos and murder.

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

In the poem, The Canterbury Tales, there were two characters that were completely from each other. The two characters were two parts of a whole which is a dichotomy, for example there were a ying and a yang. The parson was the light side, which is the ying and the friar represents the yang. The parson is a good man who is poor, but he is rich in holy thoughts and works. He was satisfied with himself for knowing he had very little, and he was also very benign, and was also ready to give his poor parishioners anything that he could get. Chaucer does this to show the good side of The Church, and Chaucer does not do that real often in his tales. The friar is the exact opposite. He was the best friar around because no one knew as much dalliance and sweet talk as he did. He knew all the taverns, innkeepers and barmaids more than the lepers and beggars. He believed that being seen with paupers was not good for a man in his position and there was no profit to be made with them, unlike with the rich and the sellers of food which is profitable. He was also the best beggar in the area and no one else moved into his turf. In his tale he was a man that said he would pretend that he was holy. He also gives the best pardons to the people that give him the maximum amount of money. In the poem, Chaucer makes a statement that says he is the only person that practices his profession accurately. During the Middle Ages friars were supposed to attack sinners and evil away from the people, but they soon figured out that this was a profitable business. The most ironic thing about the friars was that they were supposed to drive evil away from people, but they committed evil deeds themselves.

Prisons Dont Work Essay examples -- Critical Thinking Essays

Right now in the United States of America murderers, rapists, and child molesters are being set free. Prisoners are watching T.V., eating a meal, and using exercise equipment while law abiding citizens are starving and living in the gutters. Prisoners even have their own periodical. Dangerous criminals are walking the streets and crime is a way of life to many Americans. In America, crime does pay because our nations prison system is not working. The nations prison system must be changed because of major problems with the system such as overcrowding and the fact that early release programs do not work. Building more jails is expensive and does not solve anything. These problems can be solved by giving prisoners no chance for parole and imprisoning only violent offenders. The non-violent offenders should enter a work program for the duration of their sentence. Since 1980, jail and prison populations have grown by 172 percent(United States 11 Sept. 1994). Overcrowding is both inhumane to the prisoner and dangerous to the prison staff. When you put a lot of people, especially criminals, in close quarters tensions rise and the chance of a riot increases. If a riot occurs both prisoners and guards are put in danger. In Texas the jails are full. There is an estimated backlog of 29,000 state prisoners who are incarcerated in county jails awaiting new cells.(Brida 24 Nov. 1994) Texas is not the only state with overcrowding problems. For example, Ohios prison system is operating at 180 percent of capacity.(Varnam 16) Also, the federal prison system is 37 percent over-capacity(Clark 4 Feb. 1994). Statistics like this are found across the country. Prisons should have two objectives; 1) keep dangerous criminals off the streets ... ...ng more prisons cut the crime rate? The CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 1994URL:gopher://gopher.cqalert.com/0F1:25674:05CQR_FEBRUARY1994%20gopher. Cunniff, Mark A. and Patrick A. Langan. Recidivism of Felons on Probation, 1986-89. 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://justice2. usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/13. Prison Inmates To Work In Wildlife Management Areas.Associated Press 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://gopher.cic.net/00/nircomm/ gopher/e-serials/general/education/univ-newspapers/daily- texan/today/94041507.s03_Prison.gz. Sanchez , Edward J. Look Beyond Capital Punishment. 26 Nov. 1994 (found) URL:?. United States. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Probation And Parole Populations Reach New Highs. 11 Sept. 1994. URL:gopher://justice2.usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/probpar.txt. Voters Get Tough On Criminals. The Associated Press 9 Nov. 1994. URL:?. Prisons Don't Work Essay examples -- Critical Thinking Essays Right now in the United States of America murderers, rapists, and child molesters are being set free. Prisoners are watching T.V., eating a meal, and using exercise equipment while law abiding citizens are starving and living in the gutters. Prisoners even have their own periodical. Dangerous criminals are walking the streets and crime is a way of life to many Americans. In America, crime does pay because our nations prison system is not working. The nations prison system must be changed because of major problems with the system such as overcrowding and the fact that early release programs do not work. Building more jails is expensive and does not solve anything. These problems can be solved by giving prisoners no chance for parole and imprisoning only violent offenders. The non-violent offenders should enter a work program for the duration of their sentence. Since 1980, jail and prison populations have grown by 172 percent(United States 11 Sept. 1994). Overcrowding is both inhumane to the prisoner and dangerous to the prison staff. When you put a lot of people, especially criminals, in close quarters tensions rise and the chance of a riot increases. If a riot occurs both prisoners and guards are put in danger. In Texas the jails are full. There is an estimated backlog of 29,000 state prisoners who are incarcerated in county jails awaiting new cells.(Brida 24 Nov. 1994) Texas is not the only state with overcrowding problems. For example, Ohios prison system is operating at 180 percent of capacity.(Varnam 16) Also, the federal prison system is 37 percent over-capacity(Clark 4 Feb. 1994). Statistics like this are found across the country. Prisons should have two objectives; 1) keep dangerous criminals off the streets ... ...ng more prisons cut the crime rate? The CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 1994URL:gopher://gopher.cqalert.com/0F1:25674:05CQR_FEBRUARY1994%20gopher. Cunniff, Mark A. and Patrick A. Langan. Recidivism of Felons on Probation, 1986-89. 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://justice2. usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/13. Prison Inmates To Work In Wildlife Management Areas.Associated Press 24 Nov. 1994(found) URL:gopher://gopher.cic.net/00/nircomm/ gopher/e-serials/general/education/univ-newspapers/daily- texan/today/94041507.s03_Prison.gz. Sanchez , Edward J. Look Beyond Capital Punishment. 26 Nov. 1994 (found) URL:?. United States. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Probation And Parole Populations Reach New Highs. 11 Sept. 1994. URL:gopher://justice2.usdoj.gov/00/ojp/bjs/probpar.txt. Voters Get Tough On Criminals. The Associated Press 9 Nov. 1994. URL:?.

Tok Titles for the 2011-2012

These are the following titles that were given for 2011-2012. 1600 words need to be written. 1. Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Evaluate this statement in two areas of knowledge. 2. Compare and contrast knowledge which can be expressed in words/symbols with knowledge that cannot be expressed in this way. Consider CAS and one or more areas of knowledge. 3. Using history and at least one other area of knowledge, examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge despite problems of bias and selection. . When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing? 5. What is it about theories in the human sciences and natural sciences that makes them convincing? 6. ‘It is more important to discover new ways of thinking about what is already known than to discover new data or facts'. To what extent would you agree with this claim? 7. ‘The vocabulary we have does more than communicate our knowledge; it shapes what we can know'. Evaluate this claim with reference to different areas of knowledge. . Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of using faith as a basis for knowledge in religion and in one area of knowledge from the ToK diagram. 9. As an IB student, how has your learning of literature and science contributed to your understanding of individuals and societies? 10. ‘Through different methods of justification, we can reach conclusions in ethics that are as well-supported as those provided in mathematics. ‘ To what extent would you agree?

Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Essay

Health care has come a long way in technology for the past, implementing new technology has made the health care industry grow in size. Major events of health care have paved the way for future technologies influence the physicians, administrators, clinicians, and staff to push pass the old ways of thinking and create new initiatives of information systems. Health care information will be moving forward with significant changes, technology involvement will prove to be a positive and much needed impact to the decision making process. Compare and Contrast Health Care Operations within 20 years The evolution of health care information system has been proficient, effective, and patient-focused technologies have an influence on the way health evolve over the years. East Orange General Hospital has a lifetime of learning in keeping up with the new trends of technology.  The changes in the health care information systems from 20 years ago have put value on the system by improving patient safety and confidentiality. â€Å"The broad spectrum of clinic information has made a way for hospitals to integrate with administrative applications of care†. East Orange General Hospital have the use of information technology so the increase of efficiency and patient-centered care to possible with the right measures. Comparing the health IT systems to 20 years in the past has shown the comprehensive strive in implementing and computerizing different aspects of care management. Delivering information in today’s time has shown the function of the new trends of operating and implementing new technology. In 20 years, paper documentation was the normal office rule for information, patient charts came in the paper form. The differences of past information management in health care was ambiguous and undone data, poor availability, and fragmented data of patient charts. In today’s information system, significant advances help maintain a high quality of care. Improving patient care, clinical information expanded to help increase the quality of care. East Orange General Hospital has launched a new electronic medical record system to support efficiency and accuracy in patient accounts. The organization will reduce the use of paper charts, but still uses both paper and electronic record keeping. The implementation of computerized record system at EOGH has now positioned itself to receive incentive payment from Medicaid and Medicare† (Slavin, 2011 Para 1-2). The technology used at EOGH is Centricity, Series, and Precyse systems; these systems control the computerized provider order entry (CPOE), Health Information Exchange (HIE), and Personal Health Record (PHR). Information technology today m ade it possible to improve patient services in many ways. Hospitals will be better equipped with the tools for maintaining patient records and keeping confidentiality of information intact. Paper-based information was the normal way to go 20 years ago, documentation misplaced, duplicates used made patient information unreliable for some parts of record keeping. â€Å"The health Information system has become most challenging with promising results through research, education, and medical informatics in medical records and health care† (Haux, 2004 â€Å"p† 269). Rising technologies in health care need a high-tech approach in the medical community to a terrific life-span in health care organizations and the willingness to use it. Technology is showing how in the future disease management will be a prior and reflection on the progress of better diagnosis with the technology realm of care for health care. â€Å"Various successes of technology have made the concept of prevention, health promotion, and integrative medicine to bond for a product of quality care† (Weil, 2011 â€Å"p†1). Major Events and Technological Advantages that Influenced Current HCIS Practices Technological advantages starts with the implementation of information systems that will help physicians obtain a more rapid response for patient medical records. The change in health care started with the â€Å"potential benefits of the EMR a step further by adding sophisticated hardware to the mix† (Silverman, 1998 â€Å"p† 2). Doctors can use a wall-mounted keyboard with a monitoring system to check results of recent procedures, consultations, operations, or images. Health information recording and clinical data repository is how checking orders of daily medications by touching key pad helps in the integration process of writing progress notes of the clinical findings. Electronic Medical Records has steps in pulling patient charts, â€Å"searching for missing or misfiled data, transcribing orders, filling out multiple lab, diagnostic test, and pharmacy requisitions, or writing progress notes hours after having actually examined the patient are now all completed† (Silverman, 1998 â€Å"p† 2). The clinical data repository needs a good electronic medical records system, so that medical records that been scanned can be reviewed. EMR is a record in digital format which can be capable of experiencing certain health care agendas of care. EMR’s are being embedded in network-connected enterprise-wide information systems† (Dacca, 2013 Para 2). The records included has a certain range of information in summary or comprehensive text, including demographics, immunizations, radiology data, medical history, laboratory test results, medication, and allergies, vital signs, personal status of age, sex, and weight, and billing information. Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is a critical part of quality care for everyone involved in the process of EMRs and America’s standard of care. EMR and other decision support systems can help prevent medical errors that plaques the United States for decades under the fraud and abuse category in health care† (Williams & Austin, 2008 â€Å"p† 40). The second event that has shaped the core of HCIS is how the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has helped health care delivery system to excel in providing effective and safe care and highest quality possible. The government created the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the 1950s; this agency is strictly for continual improvement in patient confidentiality within health care facilities. The public are the main concern of the Joint Commission in â€Å"collaboration with stakeholders, joint commission help inspire safe and effective care† (The Joint Commission, 2012 Para 2). The joint Commission governs the assessments of quality and safety of care within health organizations that help set standards that measures quality care with patient confidentiality. Conclusion: Health care technology has reached epic proportion in America, Innovation is important in medical technology; it is the essence health care rganizations. The drive of technology is the innovation for a better quality care in a faster pace. â€Å"Medical technology help improves individual lives and help in the benefits of treatment to individuals whose conditions may have been difficult or impossible to treat† (Wager, Lee & Glaser, 2009 â€Å"p† 5) with new trends of health care. Innovation is improving in products, and improving the way healthcare shows delivery; this is making healt hcare delivery efficient and more sustainable.

Tqm Ford

Total Quality Management refers to an integrated approach that seeks to improve quality and performance which will meet or exceed customer expectations and to develop continuous improvement. A company that implements this form of management is Ford Motor Company. Ford began to practice TQM back in the 1980s when â€Å"When Quality is Job 1† was their slogan. And of course back then Ford was a vast company. When TQM was first utilized, it started through a joint venture with ChemFil which is a division of PPG Industries.Ford Motor Company wanted to produce better products and a stable environment not only for the workforce but also an effective management and profitability by the 1990s. During this process, â€Å"Quality is Job 1† became â€Å"Quality People, Quality Products†. Through this partnership with paint supplier ChemFil, paint processes were developed to ensure that a quality product that meets customer’s needs transform into financial success.TQM was forefront in their painting design as the process of preparation was implemented by ChemFil with Ford management and workers informed of all steps needed to follow the application of paint to a quality outcome. A couple of years later, Ford Chief Engineer Art Hyde takes the executed Six Sigma a step further saying, The design and engineering analysis process makes it possible for problems, that previously may not have surfaced until launch, to be caught and corrected in the virtual world through the DMAIC process.The  DMAIC process, define, measure, analyze, improve, and control has built an overall strategy for consistency in Ford teams. Of their Six Sigma implementation for 2010 product launches, Dan Dobbs, The Six Sigma Master Black Belt said, The Company’s Quality Operating System or (QOS) is crucial for identifying and correcting problems within the manufacturing facilities. Six Sigma and QOS implemented in each plant includes cross-functional groups of engineers, plant management, and production specialists—all skilled problem solvers who’ve been trained through Six Sigma.

Categories of Music Essay

1. What is a symphony? A symphony is an elaborate musical composition for full orchestra, typically in four movements. 2. What is a sonata? How is it related to the sonata form? A sonata is a large-scale composition that is played rather than sung. 3. What is a coda? A coda will use music from the movement, typically doesn’t does not add anything to the â€Å"argument†. 4. What are the three different parts of the sonata form? Describe each part. The three parts off sonata are Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation. Exposition is the first part of the sonata, where the composer will bring in or â€Å"expose†all of the music ideas. Development is the second part of the sonata, it is where the composer builds on the two themes from the exposition. Recapitulation is the third part of the sonata, it is where exposition is repeated. 5. What are the three different periods of Beethoven’s work? Describe each part. Critical Thinking Questions 1. What are the characteristics of the music of the Classical period? 2. How does the music of the Classical period differ from the music of the Baroque period? Baroque music tends to be for small chamber orchestras and is usually very  intricate, with many layers. Classical music tends to be for larger orchestras and for showing off virtuoso talents or entertainment rather than for praising God or presenting solemn tunes to kings, as much Baroque music was. 3. Choose one of the composers discussed in the lesson and listen to some of his work. Which pieces did you listen to? How would you describe these pieces of music? What makes the music characteristic of the Classical era? 4. What social and cultural influences impacted the music of the Classical period? Do you think today’s music is influenced by social and cultural factors? Why or why not? Both art and politics were great composers who knew what they were doing and their composings had amazing hits. 5. What was important about Vienna during the Classical period? Vienna was important during the Classical period because great civilization was developed in the past and actually in classical period.

What is Medical Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology?

Radiology diagnostic imaging is an important tool for appropriate therapy planning and for clinical diagnosis of diseases. However, in recent years, there has been an increase of requests require diagnosis by radiation (Siciliano, 2017). So, as the use of radiation increase and become very important in evaluate and diagnose pathology, it become essentially importance to focus on its risks, especially in pediatric. In young person's, exposure to ionizing radiation must kept low as can as possible, because their tissues are highly radiosensitive. In this age radiation induce risks is relatively high as tissues mitosis rates are high. As a result, it is fundamentally more vulnerable to damage than inactive tissues, it cause DNA metabolism damaged by radiation. The radiation risk is therefore highest in infancy and early childhood. Children, who have many years left to live (life expectancy), are more likely than adults to develop radiation-induced cancer; also, as future parents, they are at risk for passing on radiation-induced genetic defects to the next generation. (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011). For these reasons, whenever possible, radiological studies on children should replace by other imaging modality that does not involve radiation such as, magnetic resonance or ultrasound imaging. Pediatric conventional X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) require special examining protocols and techniques sets by the radiology department that are suitable to the patient's age and to the indication for the study in order to prevent the patient from unnecessary dose (Siciliano, 2017). This article is to discuss the principles of radiation protection for pediatric in general radiography, components of equipment using in the plain radiograph and it's function in lowering radiation dose in pediatric patient, the role of radiographer, technical and radiation exposure consideration in this issue with clinical example to evaluate the radiation dose for some common pediatric x-ray examination performed by digital radiography system. Body The attention of the medical communities and scientific has greatly focused on the biological effects of ionizing radiations and, in general, on the radiation protection. The purpose of these studies is to provide protection and health for persons who are subjected to radiation exposure especially for pediatric patient (Siciliano, 2017. â€Å"searches estimated that exposure to radiation in the first ten years of life induces a risk two to three times higher than exposures incurred between thirty and forty years of age†( Siciliano, 2017 pp.134) . In particular, the pediatric patient in this age they are still growing so ,they are more radiosensitive than an adult (and having a longer life expectancy), therefore, â€Å"the probability of health effects by IR in a child is three times greater than that of an adult†(Siciliano,2017) . A child's body differ in some respects from adult's body. Actually, pediatric body is short and wide in contrary, to the adult body which is long and less broad. If the trunk of small child's body is X-rayed, the shape of the body make it difficult to avoid non-require part from irradiate that's because the larger areas of the body lie within the radiation field and are consequently, more affected by scattered radiation. (Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011) . That is mean for example if trunk is x-rayed, other parts like extremities will be affected by scatter radiation. Tissue, which is at high risk of damage by radiation such as hematopoietic bone marrow, differ in location between adults and infants. â€Å"In adults, 74% (spine, ribs, and pelvis) is located in the trunk, and only 9% in the extremities. In infants, 29% is located in the trunk and 35% in the extremities†(Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011.pp.408). This indicates that child hematopoietic bone marrow distributes widely in all parts of the body. That is why we must to reduce the dose to the pediatric patient. The use of radiation in pediatric radiology must be minimize as can as possible in order to protect child patient form radiation induce risk or try to lower the radiation dose by following certain criteria in pediatric imaging particularly in examinations that require more radiation and more than one projection such as skeletal survey. Equipment use in general radiography: Equipment that carry general examinations have an essential role in reducing the dose to the young patients. Most digital radiography (DR) now are sufficient in lowering patient radiation dose compared to screen-film radiography and previous used equipment but reverse is also possible (uffmann, 2009). Because the modern DR system have detectors with higher detective quantum efficiency (CsI:TI/a-Si DR detectors )it become able to improve image quality with less radiation dose(Knight,2014). This system use technique of raising the KVP and lowering the mAs which responsible to the radiation dose (Knight,2014) . This fact make it perfect to use in pediatric radiography. However, in digital system blackening of film at higher dose not exist in the radiograph as this will lead to unnoticed increase in dose over time when using digital system with manual tube sitting(uffmann, 2009). To overcome this problem, the radiographer can manipulate exposure factor and select it carefully without affecting the image quality (Knight,2014). The radiographer have an important role in lowering radiation dose and provide radiation safety to the pediatric patients using several methods and techniques for maximum protection while obtaining optimum diagnostic image.Wearing colorful uniforms to gain child trust and make them cooperative (Sulieman,2015) .Obtain good position by positioning the patient correctly in close contact with the cassata to prevent scatter radiation and repetition (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011).Use the infant holder rather than let someone to hold and give unnecessary radiation to that person (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011).Adjust optimum exposure factor.Using of immobilization device will avoid movement and repetition of image.Apply gonad protection will lead to reduce the dose absorbed by testicular by up to 95%. Protecting ovaries will lower the dose up to 50% (Sulieman,2015)Preparing the patient perfectly to avoid any appearance of artifact in the image which will cause to repeat the image and consequently increa sing the dose.There is a lot of consideration and techniques must be follow to lower the radiation dose to young patient. ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable) is an important techniques to achieve the optimum dose for an X-ray examination in pediatric radiography while obtaining good image quality. Firstly, should to consider in tube voltage use for each examination. As the result of smaller and thinner body of children than adult then the dose deliver to the child must be lower (Alzen and Benz-Bohm,2011). The American Society of Radiologic Technologists(ASRT)white paper says â€Å"using the highest kVp with the lowest amount of mAs is needed to provide an adequate exposure to the image receptor and therefore decrease amount of attenuation and dose to the patient is the best technique for pediatric in digital imaging† (Stephen,2014) . In addition, the authors' research has shown that using an additional tube filter of 1mm aluminum (Al) and 0.1 to 0.2 mm copper (Cu) for pediatric radiography will result in decreasing the surface dose by half. Also using proper collimation help to minimize primary and scatter radiation. Karami.et.al,(2016) focused on the essential role of increasing the X-ray focus to film distance (FFD) in lowering the radiation dose to the chest in general pediatric radiography. Study shown that is increasing FFD from 100 cm to 130 cm its effective to reduce patient radiation dose. Specifically, following special technique when imaging chest x-ray in pediatric is very important. The breast tissue in this age is very sensitive to the ionizing radiation. Therefore, a PA chest technique is favorable if the patient is cooperate and can perform it (Sulieman,2015). This to prevent this sensitive tissue from primary beam. . Table 1. Briefly, demonstrate the techniques of pediatric patient protection in plain film radiography. This case study was done in SQU Hospital for 7 months old male patient come to the department for skeletal survey. He has skeletal abnormality from birth. Doctor requested to do AP and lateral skull, AP chest, AP spine, AP pelvic, AP full lower limb, AP feet, AP both upper extremities, PA both hands. There was absence of right hand and forearm and meromelia â€Å"which is a partial absence of part of the limbs†(Nayak S et al.2016,pp pp106-108) of right upper limb with normal appearance of right humerus, right humerus is slightly smaller compared to left humerus. As many projection was done I compared the radiation dose (DAP) given for some part with the standard dose should give to the pediatric patient in plain radiograph a according to diagram below. In AP skull the patient get 1.41 dGycm2 (14.1 µGy.m2) and for lateral skull 0.400 dGycm2 (4  µGy.m2).Dose considered high in AP skull compared to the standard, this due improper selection of exposure factor. In contrary, lateral skull dose its optimum. Also an image for humerus was repeated and expose patient again due to poor immobilization and movement of the patient that cause increased dose to the patient. In conclusion, protecting child from radiation is necessary for many reasons; the most important one is because of their tissue sensitivity as they still in growth stage and does not mature yet. As result they will be more vulnerable to radiation induce risk and the radiation effect noticeble more in them. Pediatric group are more likely than other age group of society to be irradiated for several reasons, one of them is that, child in this age become sick or get disease easily therefore, they need sometimes for x-ray for accurate diagnosis. Researchers and those who are interested in radiology done many studies in this topic and they found that, there is many methods and ways to reduce dose to the pediatric patient some of this ways come with the machine and some based on radiographers. For example reducing exposure factors, use gonad protection, immobilization device in addition to perform spatial techniques in imaging pediatric patient.