International Business Case Discussion

A green field development can be a best way to reduce labor costs. Intel could employ well- educated, reliable workers inexpensively in Costa Rica through the development of green field. 2. The international site selection team is important for Intel because they should identify and collect the technical, economic, and environmental protection criteria, develop an evaluation plan, evaluate proposed sites, identify alternatives that meet the purpose and need for the proposed action, and make recommendations to the site-selection official.The various functions and expertise are necessary in site selection team because all site selections involve multiple criteria, it is important that the various members' expertise be appropriate to the task. 3. There are some risks that Intel must assume as It enters into the development of a silicon manufacturing plant in a foreign country. First, The development costs a lot to start up. Establishing silicon safer semiconductor manufacturing capabili ties Is an expensive endeavor, normally ranging between $100 and $300 million Second, This industry is very sensitive industry to time.Such an Investment Is projected approximately two years ahead of production demand. The world of semiconductor manufacturing Is fast paced. Production capabilities must be acquired quickly. 4. Intel supported Costa Rica financially through Greenfield development. Intel had projected an Initial $300 million Investment In a Greenfield development. To a small country such as Costa Rica, a $300 million Investment was equivalent to 2. 1 percent of the country's GAP. Moreover, There were derivative Impact that this mode of entry had on the economy and the population In general. Intel also had some benefits room entering Costa Rica.They discovered high levels of engineering and software development capabilities that permitted expansion Into more sophisticated processes. 5. I think a acquisition strategy would make the company successful In establishing prod uction capableness In foreign countries. International Business Case Discussion By kiths 3. There are some risks that Intel must assume as it enters into the development of a start up. Establishing silicon safer semiconductor manufacturing capabilities is an industry is very sensitive industry to time. Such an investment is projected manufacturing is fast paced.Production capabilities must be acquired quickly. Projected an initial $300 million investment in a Greenfield development. To a small country such as Costa Rica, a $300 million investment was equivalent to 2. 1 percent of the country's GAP. Moreover, There were derivative impact that this mode of entry had on the economy and the population in general. Intel also had some benefits development capabilities that permitted expansion into more sophisticated 5. I think a acquisition strategy would make the company successful in establishing production capabilities in foreign countries.

The Less You Burn, the More You Earn

Outline Thesis: In order to save money and cut costs, it is imperative that one uses different kinds of energy-efficient lights. * Light Fixtures * Light fixtures are the devices that hold the light bulbs you use * In order to have a light in your house you have to have a light fixture to hold it. * Since there are many different types of light bulbs there must be different light fixtures * I. e. , fluorescent, LED, and your basic incandescent, etc. * Light Bulbs * Light bulbs are what give you that wonderful emission of light. Light bulbs vary from different sizes to different shapes and different colors * They also are rated different wattage and voltage * Depending on the bulb these key factors could jeopardize your energy bills * Types of Light Bulbs * There are several types of light bulbs that are used for different reasons * Incandescent Bulbs- these are the standard bulbs that most people are familiar with. Incandescent bulbs work by using electricity to heat a tungsten filam ent in the bulb until it glows. The filament is either in a vacuum or in a mixture of argon/nitrogen gas. Halogen Bulbs- halogen bulbs are a variation of incandescent bulb technology. These bulbs work by passing electricity through a tungsten filament, which is enclosed in a tube containing halogen gas. This halogen gas causes a chemical reaction to take place which removes the tungsten from the wall of the glass and deposits it back onto the filament. This extends the life of the bulb. * Fluorescent Bulbs- These bulbs work by passing a current through a tube filled with argon gas and mercury. This produces ultraviolet radiation that bombards the phosphorous coating causing it to emit light.Bulb life is very long – 10,000 to 20,000 hours * Compact Fluorescent Lamps- compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) are a modern type of light bulbs, that work like fluorescent bulbs, but in a much smaller package. Similar to regular fluorescent bulbs, they produce little heat and are very effic ient. They are available to fit screw type base fittings and pin type (snap-in). Most CFLs either consist of a number of short glass sticks, or two or three small tubular loops. * High-Intensity Discharge Lamps- High Pressure Sodium (HPS), Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor and Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps are all high intensity discharge lamps (HID).With the exception of self-ballasted lamps, auxiliary equipment such as ballasts and starters must be provided for proper starting and operation of each type bulb. Compared to fluorescent and incandescent lamps, HID lamps produce a large quantity of light from a relatively small bulb. * Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps- Low-pressure sodium lamps have the highest efficacy of all commercially available lighting sources. Even though they emit a yellow light, a low-pressure sodium lamp shouldn't be confused with a standard high-pressure sodium lamp.Low-pressure sodium lamps operate much like a fluorescent lamp and require ballast. * LED (Light Emitting D iodes)- Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are bulbs without a filament, that are low in power consumption and have a long life span. LEDs are just starting to rival conventional lighting, but unfortunately they just don't have the output (lumen) needed to completely replace incandescent, and other type, bulbs just yet. Never the less, technology is advancing everyday, and it will not be long until the LED bulb will be the bulb of choice for most applications in the home and work place.Different Lights Can Save Energy and Cut Costs Different lighting can attack someone’s budget, both positively and negatively; positive is what we aim for. There are a variety of bulbs, or lamps, that save people money. There are LED’s, CFL’s and many more. Budgeting a person’s lighting in their home can save individuals money to explore other fun activities on their off time, like going to the beach, or buying a new car or investing in a top notch lighting system for their home. All possibilities when one simply switches a bulb.Let's first take a look at a typical home fixture for general lighting. â€Å"Let's say consumers currently have 60-watt incandescent bulbs and are used six hours a day. The average U. S. home electricity price is 12 cents per kilowatt-hour the kilowatt-hour (symbolized kWh) is a unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power expended for one hour (1 h) of time, according to the most recent data from the U. S. Energy Information Administration. So if consumers pay 12 cents per kWh, and that light bulb uses 60 watts x 6 hours x 365 = 131. 4 kWh a year, that's costing them $16 a year. (Kremer) In order to save money and cut costs, it is imperative that consumers use different kinds of energy-efficient lights. It may be confusing but everyone should know what happens to their electrical bill when they have certain lights. In fact, the average household should know what kinds of light bulbs and how much money they are spendin g on this utility. There are different types of lights and they each have different characteristics, which you should take notice and research accordingly. Light bulbs branch in different directions, whether it is bar lighting, to household lighting, or supermarket lighting to club lights.But these lights have to be carefully selected to save money. Light bulbs come in various shapes, sizes, and even colors. Given what size of light bulb you have also judges what wattage and voltage you have on your lights, which in turn will make those kilowatt-hours go up. There are several kinds of light bulbs, and different companies make them. They are incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, compact fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, low-pressure sodium lamps, and LED (Light Emitting Diodes). Depending on what light bulbs you prefer you may not get the right energy saving light bulbs you cry out for.Incandescent, these are the regular bulbs that most people are familiar with. Incand escent bulbs work by using electricity to heat a tungsten filament in the bulb until it glows. The filament is either in a vacuum or in a mixture of argon or nitrogen gas. Most of the energy spent by the bulb is given off as heat, causing its lumens per watt performance to be low. Because of the filament's high temperature, the tungsten tends to disappear and move to the sides of the light bulb. The natural faultiness in the filament causes it to become thinner quickly.When a bulb is turned on, the sudden flow of energy can cause the other areas to heat up faster than the rest of the bulb, which in turn causes the filament to break and the bulb to burn out. A regular incandescent bulb can last up to 1000 hours. (West) Halogen bulbs are a variation of the incandescent bulb. These bulbs also use a tungsten filament, which is enclosed in a tube containing halogen gas. This halogen gas causes a chemical reaction to take place which removes the tungsten from the wall of the glass and dep osits it back onto the filament. This extends the life of the bulb.In order for the bulbs reaction to create the bulb needs to be hotter than the regular incandescent bulb. The bad news is that the hotter the bulb, the quicker your throwing that bad boy away. â€Å"Care must be taken not to touch the glass part of the bulb with our fingers. The oils from our fingers will weaken the glass and shorten the bulb’s life. Many times this causes the bulb to burst when the filament finally burns out. † (Kremer) Fluorescent lamps are also used in household environments as well as commercial. These lamps work by passing a current through a tube filled with argon gas and mercury.These bulbs also last quite some time up to almost 20,000 hours of light. (West) Fluorescent lamps are also very efficient, producing very little heat, unlike halogen or incandescent bulbs. Fluorescent lamps require a ballast to stabilize the current through the lamp, and to provide the initial striking v oltage required to start the arc discharge. This increases the cost of fluorescent light fixtures, even though one ballast is shared between two or more lamps. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor chip that emits light when conducting current. LED’s are very useful due to their ability to emit nearly all varieties of light.This has led to their use as a light source for a wide range of applications from: status indicator lights to traffic signals. LED’s are the most bizarre and energy-saving lights you can have that produce the same amount of light as any other incandescent or fluorescent lights. Although, LED’s that produce a spectrum of visible light have been under constant development since the 1960’s, only recently have LED’s seen mass production for household products, making the energy-saving idea more serious. (Energy Star) Retrofitting, the process of changing lights from old to new, is a big part of the electrical business.When doing retro fit work, there are many opportunities for replacing obsolete lamps with newer cost-efficient lamps. This will not only result in reduced energy costs, but usually provides equal- or better-quality lighting. Energy Star, the leading program in energy efficiency and environmental safety, is a branch of the U. S EPA and the DoE. In 1992 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced Energy Star as a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Computers and monitors were the first labeled products.In 1995 they slowly started to move towards heating and cooling equipment. In 1996 they partnered with the DoE to focus on more particular product categories. Through 2011, nearly 20,000 organizations have partnered with EPA, improved efficiency, and realized significant financial and environmental benefits. Americans, with the help of Energy Star, prevented 210 million metric tons of greenhous e gas emissions in 2011 alone, equivalent to the total emissions of 41 million vehicles, and reduced their utility bills by $23 billion. (Energy Star) In 2008, U. S. Secretary of Energy Samuel W.Bodman introduced the joint of the Department of Energy and Defense campaign to challenge military bases nationwide to change their incandescent light bulbs to energy efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) in on-base housing. (Energy Star) The Energy Star campaign, called Operation Change Out, will help bases across the country increase energy efficiency, save money and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. As of today they have saved millions of dollars in electricity costs and they save an average of 12% electricity each year. (Scoggins) The most important part of the equation is the money.On average you buy a box of 20 incandescent light bulbs for about $3. 56. So if you pay your electricity bill and add in the total for the bulbs you’re paying around $2268. 84 a year. Thatâ⠂¬â„¢s with buying bulbs every month. Now let’s say for instance you upgrade to a more energy-efficient bulb, for instance a Philips (60-W) A19 LED Bright White light bulb. These bulbs go for at least $15, but have a lifespan of 18. 3 years, based on 3 hour usage. Now if one uses these bulbs, your electric bill that was once $90 a month, may now seem more like $80.Based on average you could save anywhere from $10-$25 a month just by switching a bulb. Not only that, if you turn your original switch into a dimmer you could be saving hundreds of dollars a year. Just one 100 watt bulb produces about 2 watts of light and 98 watts of heat. The heat is what is boosting your electric bill. The incandescent bulb takes 100 watts but half of that is heat. (Scoggins) The more bulbs one has the more your bill will be. The most cost efficient way to roll these days is to buy LED lights or CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lights). Most electricians will tell one to go with LED’s because of t heir cost-efficiency.One incandescent bulb uses up to 100 watts of electricity, whereas a LED typically uses 2-17 watts. Even though CFL’s are energy saving and cost efficient, they are not as good as LED’s but provide just about the same, CFL’s put off about 6-25 watts. If one switches their incandescent with CFL’s one can dim their switch and save electricity and money. Energy saving has become a big issue over the years. Energy Star has expressed their utmost concern on the ideal way to efficiently light one’s home. Over 200 gigawatts of energy are wasted annually in America each year. Kraemer) Over the span of time since LED’s have been placed on the market, consumers have decided that these are the best, although expensive. With the advances in technology and the research that is taking place, in a matter of years consumers could be, should be, using lights that save them money. Works Cited . â€Å"CFL Key Product Criteria. † Ene rgy Star. U. S Enviromental Protection Agency, 02 2011. Web. 8 Nov 2012. . . â€Å"Energy Efficient Lighting. † Eartheasy: Solutions for Sustainable Living. Eartheasy. com, 10 2011. Web. 0 Dec 2012. . â€Å"Energy Savings Calculator. † Lutron. Lutron Electronics Co. , 12 2012. Web. 18 Dec 2012.

ESL PAPER based on ''outcast united'' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ESL PAPER based on ''outcast united'' - Essay Example In fact, the coaching style of Coach Luma was what the kids needed to push themselves hard and to be better than what they actually are because it is only their selves that they got in a foreign country. This kids cannot afford to be lax because they do not have any support system to fall back on so they need to be pushed hard. In addition, the fiery style of Coach Luma may be acceptable to these kids who may have been desensitized already having seen violence and murder from their respective countries of origin. They may not take offense with the strong language and style of Luma because they are used to it already. Had Coach Luma Mufleh been a â€Å"nice† coach, these kids may perceive it as soft and thus weak that they would not respect the coaching style. This coaching style of Coach Luma is not applicable to affluent suburban town due to many reasons. First, their circumstances are different. Kids in affluent suburban town have very strong support system and they do not need to be berated to push themselves hard. These kids may be spoiled and Luma’s coaching style may not sit well with that instead of being motivated to train harder, they may fight back at the coach. In addition, there may be parents watching during training. If Coach Luma will do to the affluent suburban kids what was done to the refugee kids, the coach may be in a big trouble with the lawsuits that will be filed by the parents. Kids from affluent suburban cities are also sensitive and are not used to being berated. They are used to American treatment that kids are being treated nicely and protected by anti-child abuse law. If Coach Luma yells at them, the coach may be sued. Child abuse is a serious case in America. This is not to say that Coach Luma’s coaching style is bad. It is just that it can only be applicable and effective to a certain set of

Affirmative Action Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Affirmative Action - Term Paper Example The following will explore job discrimination with an eye to how this form of discrimination affects certain groups of people in the labor market and how society has attempted to protect these people from discrimination. Taking a controversial approach to minority set aside programs, this essay will then persuasively argue that since these programs promote discrimination themselves, they are inherently defeatist and promote the same type of behavior that they try to eradicate. We now begin with an overview of the reasons for minority set aside programs – also called â€Å"Affirmative Action† in the United States – and this will follow with a concise rebuttal of the needs for such programs. Discrimination in the workforce affects people from all walks of life. Accordingly, the employment opportunities of half of our population are hindered by latent and overt sexism in the offices of America. It is well known that women in America earn substantially less than their male counterparts. The Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 was established more than four decades ago to protect men and women who perform the same tasks from wage-based discrimination. Sexism is an unfortunate aspect of our modern society but the EPA seeks to combat it through positive legislation aimed at correcting the pay discrepancy between men and women in the labor force. Older workers also face a variety of impediments to their active inclusion in the labor force and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from discrimination at work. Finally, people with disabilities face a plethora of hurdles in society and the Americans with Disabilitie s Act (ADA) of 1990 was established to ensure the full inclusion of people with disabilities in American society. Covering a wide variety of instances of discrimination, the ADA is one of the most recent pieces of legislation mentioned above which aims to tackle problems

Details are below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Details are below - Essay Example The article begins by stating the essential skills that a nurse should possess to make the patients comfortable while answering the questions posed by the nurse. According to the article a nurse who possesses good communication skills can make the process of taking the patient history more constructive. The article guides a nurse through the entire of process of taking patient history, by providing details about the manner of approach that should be followed by the nurse. For taking an accurate history of the patient, it is vital that the nurse is proficient in communication skills. â€Å"The nurse should be able to gather information in a systematic, sensitive and professional manner. Good communication skills are essential.† (Lloyd, 2007). And it is the development of these communication skills that is discussed in the article. The article also aids a nurse to communicate efficiently with the patients, by providing the kind of approach that the nurse should adopt while deali ng with the patients. â€Å"Practitioners should avoid the use of technical terms or jargon and, whenever possible, use the patient’s own words†. (Lloyd, 2007). When the patient is comforted by the approach of the nurse, he/she will not be hesitant to disclose the information needed by the nurse. The article also presents the requirement of obtaining the consent of the patient and the necessity of this procedure. It also mentions the various methods through which the consent of the patient can be acquired. The process of taking the history of the patient is divided into various sections. And the course of action that should be followed in each part by the nurse is presented in the article. In the article, the author has suggested some questions that can help the nurse in starting the process of taking of patient history. It also provides the details of the

Terra Firms ITSM Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Terra Firms ITSM Process - Essay Example The warranty associated with file sharing includes an ability to deliver files containing important information safely without compromising the integrity of the information contained in the file. File sharing should be fit for use to guarantee warranty. The file sharing system should appeal to all the stakeholders sharing the files. Site, which falls under video conferencing category has the utility of providing a venue in which video conferencing is held. It has the utility of providing a mechanism in which different stakeholders can communicate between field offices in U.S, Europe and other places to the headquarters. The warranty expected is primarily the potentiality of the site to offer efficient web conferencing via ISDN. Field office help desk, which falls under PC support, seeks to provide localized customer care service and only call the head office for higher-level support. Utility expected is for the field office help desk to offer efficient customer service support without fail. As a warranty, the field office help desk should work seamlessly at all times and should be able to address a variety of issues presented by the customers. The testing lab falls under Software engineering. The primary utility includes providing efficient and effective testing mechanisms for production processes, manufacturing, as well as information management systems. The expected warranty includes providing up to date testing standards, authentic, and reliable set of measurement standards over a long period. Production control should satisfy the utility of ensuring all factors of production follow stipulated standards while it offers a warranty of quality and optimal production at all times.

An external consultant to a company and you need to prepare a report Essay

An external consultant to a company and you need to prepare a report on their performance based on the information they provided - Essay Example However these figures do not show how efficiently the company is earning these profits. How much risk each company is taking to earn these returns is not known. The future prospects of the company with respect to its performance can also not be predicted by just looking at absolute numbers. It is important to analyze each figure in relation to the others to be able to conclude about a company’s performance. Hence, though company A is earning more than B, we need to look at the sales figures on which these profits are earned. Hence, if company B is earning this on a sale of $10,000 million while company A is earning it on sale of $20,000, company A is actually earning only 2.5% on its total sales while B is earning 3.5%. Hence, B is actually earning better. Similarly, if company B has very high debt with respect to its equity, then this company is highly leveraged and much riskier than A, though the absolute debt figures of company A might look bigger than B. Thus, ratio analys is which helps to establish relationship of one financial figure with the other helps in analyzing different companies in better light. Another advantage of ratio analysis is that it helps in comparing completely different balance sheets. For example, company A might publish its results in British pounds while B might do the same in Dollars. Ratios help in directly comparing the two companies irrespective of the currency they use in their financial statements. Ratio analysis also helps in analyzing a company’s performance by looking at its various business aspects i.e. profitability, liquidity, leverage, operational efficiency (turnover ratios) as well as market valuations. Various aspects of analysis We will conduct a time series analysis (for the various ratios) for Wm Morrison Supermarkets for a period from 2008 to 2010. We will also compare it with Tesco which operates in the same industrial sector. Other than the ratio analysis we will also compare some other aspects of their business like their market penetration, and their product line etc. Choosing the right ratios The various ratios we will be using will be based on following categories Profitability ratios – (Gross Profit, Net profit and Operating ratios) These ratios help in analyzing the efficiency with which the company has used its resources to generate profits. Gross profit sees the amount of profit earned after taking out the cost of sales which includes administrative and sales expenses. Net profit looks at overall earnings after taking into account all expenses including interest and tax expenses. Operating ratio takes into account operating expenses viz-a-viz sales. Liquidity ratios – (Current ratio, Quick ratio) These ratios show how easily a company can liquidate its short term assets to honor its short term liabilities especially the suppliers and financers. Turnover/activity ratios – (Fixed assets, Current assets and inventory turnover ratios and day’s receivable holding) These ratios help in analyzing how efficiently a company converts its assets into revenues. They also tell how effectively the company has used is resources to generate sales (revenues) (Loth 2011). Leverage – (Debt-Equity) These ratios tell about the amount of risk a company has taken and eventually its share holders are facing. Valuation ratios - ROI (Return on Investment) These ratios hel

Current issues in advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Current issues in advertising - Essay Example Duke grew to become the leading cigarette brand by 1890 . WoodburyÃ'• Facial Ð…oap, a womanÃ'• beauty bar, waÃ'• almoÃ'•t diÃ'•continued in 1910. The Ã'•oapÃ'• Ã'•aleÃ'• decline waÃ'• reverÃ'•ed, however, with adÃ'• containing imageÃ'• of romantic coupleÃ'• and promiÃ'•eÃ'• of love and intimacy for thoÃ'•e uÃ'•ing the brand. Jovan MuÃ'•k Oil, introduced in 1971, waÃ'• promoted with Ã'•exual entendre and deÃ'•criptionÃ'• of the fragranceÃ'• Ã'•exual attraction propertieÃ'•. AÃ'• a reÃ'•ult, Jovan, Inc.Ã'• revenue grew from $1.5 million in 1971 to $77 million by 1978 (Del, 66-111) In contemporary mainÃ'•tream conÃ'•umer advertiÃ'•ing (e.g., magazineÃ'•, network and cable televiÃ'•ion), Ã'•ex iÃ'• preÃ'•ent in promotional meÃ'•Ã'•ageÃ'• for a wide range of branded goodÃ'•. AdÃ'• feature provocative imageÃ'• of well-defined women (and men) in revealing outfitÃ'• and poÃ'•tureÃ'• Ã'•elling clothing, alcohol, beauty productÃ'•, and fragranceÃ'•. AdvertiÃ'•erÃ'• Ã'•uch aÃ'• Calvin Klein, VictoriaÃ'• Ð…ecret, and PepÃ'•i uÃ'•e theÃ'•e imageÃ'• to cultivate a ubiquitouÃ'• Ã'•ex-tinged media preÃ'•ence. AlÃ'•o, Ã'•exual information iÃ'• uÃ'•ed to promote mainÃ'•tream productÃ'• not traditionally aÃ'•Ã'•ociated with Ã'•ex. For example, the DallaÃ'• Opera recently reverÃ'•ed declining Ã'•eaÃ'•on ticket Ã'•aleÃ'• by marketing the more laÃ'•civiouÃ'• partÃ'• of itÃ'• performanceÃ'•. AÃ'• a reÃ'•ult of itÃ'• Ã'•exual promotion Ã'•trategy, Ã'•eaÃ'•on tic ket packageÃ'• Ã'•old out faÃ'•ter than ever before . (Del, 66-111) Ð…ince the 1960Ã'•, reÃ'•earcherÃ'• uÃ'•ing Ã'•ocial Ã'•cience methodÃ'• have attempted to underÃ'•tand the role of Ã'•ex in advertiÃ'•ing for Ã'•elling brandÃ'•. Ð…pecifically, they have attempted to underÃ'•tand exactly how Ã'•exual content influenceÃ'• the advertiÃ'•ing communication proceÃ'•Ã'•. In thiÃ'• article, I organize thiÃ'• body of reÃ'•earch by firÃ'•t defining and deÃ'•cribing common typeÃ'• of Ã'•exual content examined by inveÃ'•tigatorÃ'•, and then by reviewing major approacheÃ'• in pertinent effectÃ'• reÃ'•earch. Finally, I Ã'•et

Cognitive Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive Psychology - Essay Example The authors’ main research questions were: If updating is the automatic result of locomotion, would people have ease or difficulty with ignoring their locomotion when walking without vision? If updating was an optional process that only occurred as the result of deliberate and effortful cognitive processing, would people find the task easy? Is the performance of people walking without vision better in the updating condition when they are told to ignore their locomotion? Is there was any difference in performance when people walked blindly to near targets compared to far targets? Are people able to overcome the information specifying their real positions in space and temporarily by adopting a different perspective, when they are given enough time to carry out the necessary cognitive operations? First hypothesis of the research was that: Performance of people while updating their spatial relationships is better as compared to when they are told to ignore their locomotion. The third hypothesis was that: If subjects can retrospectively overcome the earlier automatic spatial updating, then their performances in the ignoring condition should improve relative to the updating condition. These hypotheses were justified on the basis of background research and theory, because the authors have given an extensive review of literature citing other researchers’ works, and explaining them in order to support the need to conduct this specific research. They have cited literature which discusses the automatic updating of non-visual spatial relationships. The population of interest was young people. The sample for the first experiment included ten student volunteers from the Strathclyde University Psychology Department; and, the sample for the second experiment included ten other student volunteers from the same department and university. The sample was not very

Planning and Reviewing a Unit of Work Assignment

Planning and Reviewing a Unit of Work - Assignment Example Perform Mathematical reasoning (Mean, Mode and Median) Illustrate your finding using suitable diagrams or graphs Explain why you have used them Write a short conclusion on your finding Could you have done anything better Are you happy with your findings This unit is expected to take about 6 lessons. Prior Learning Students should know: How to find the mean, mode and the median of non-grouped data How to find the range of a set data How to draw bar charts for discrete data (possible other charts e.g. scatter graphs, pies charts) Where The Unit fits in This unit is according to the "Key Stage 3 National strategy" and it is designed for students in year 8 (teaching was slightly modified to fit according to the class tutor wishes, the lessons plan were slightly reduce by using secondary data, however all methods were thoroughly discuss so that the students would meet the objectives now and in the future. Data Handling is first taught in primary school. In fact, my daughter who is in year 3 (1st year of junior school) has done a survey by counting different type of transport (cars, van, motorbike etc) at a traffic lights and drawing a bar chart using the data. In the key objectives for the Year 3 the DfEE (1999) (Framework p3) states that, "Solve a given problem by organizing and interpreting numerical data in simple lists, tables and graphs". In year 4 they are taught the vocabulary of data handling, such as survey, questionnaire, data, tally charts ..etc. They will also look at and create graphs like bar and pictogram - where the symbol represents several units - in details. This theme of work is then continued in year 5, 6 and onwards. Handling data The handling of data is... Data Handling is first taught in primary school. In fact, my daughter who is in year 3 (1st year of junior school) has done a survey by counting different type of transport (cars, van, motorbike etc) at a traffic lights and drawing a bar chart using the data. In the key objectives for the Year 3 the DfEE (1999) (Framework p3) states that, "Solve a given problem by organizing and interpreting numerical data in simple lists, tables and graphs". In year 4 they are taught the vocabulary of data handling, such as survey, questionnaire, data, tally charts ..etc. They will also look at and create graphs like bar and pictogram - where the symbol represents several units - in details. This theme of work is then continued in year 5, 6 and onwards. The handling of data is an established part of the National Curriculum at all key stages. It makes up a significant part of the curriculum and also a regular feature in the exams. Handling data also appears in the other cross-curricular subjects such as ICT, History and Geography and many more. According to the National Curriculum, students should be taught all four phases of the data

Problems and Prospects of Theatre Entrepreneurship Essay Example for Free

Problems and Prospects of Theatre Entrepreneurship Essay Taiwo Okunola (Department of Theatre Film Arts, University of Jos, Nigeria) Abstract The business of theatre management is business of management. It is a culmination of the directive principles, canons and protocols governing theatre and management together to form a formidable team which thus makes a theatre entrepreneur. Being a theatre entrepreneur in Nigeria entails many dilemmas, challenges and hurdles. Thus, this paper seeks to address the problems and prospects facing theatre entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Introduction Theatre management that requires a diligent entrepreneur to handle is a necessarily and inevitable aspect of the theatre. For instance, Innocent Ohiri in his article elaborately outlined the role of the theatre carried out by the theatre entrepreneur in this depressed economy. The management function of the manager becomes inevitable if the theatre is to be sustained and vibrant in this 21st century. However, theatre management or theatre entrepreneurship involve two principal words that needs to be broken down in order to really vista the concept in ditto. Zulu Sofola, one of the progenitors of the Nigerian theatre considers theatre as a medium of artistic expression where societal happenings are mirrored in a dynamic, living form. A metaphorical image of reality, it reflects the total cosmic, moral and metaphysical order of the life of the people. It is an arena where human beings are presented in a cosmic totality, acting and reacting to forces around them and within them, perceiving and being perceived by those interacting with them, and by those in the audience who experience with them the enigma that is the common lot of humanity.

How people recall memories

How people recall memories In 1932 British psychologist Frederick Bartlet put forward a theory of how people organise and recall memory. His idea was that memory is not like a video recorder that can be played back, but that in fact there are a number of factors that lead to distortion and reconstruction of information. His theory is known as reconstructive memory and his ideas are still in use in current psychological research, such as eyewitness testimony, false memory syndrome, and even in the field of artificial intelligence This essay will explain Bartletts theory, its strengths and weaknesses, its implications in the understanding of how the mind organises, stores and recalls information, and how Bartletts ideas have been incorporated and expanded. Bartlett asserted that peoples recall of events is often inaccurate as reconstruction and distortion of information takes place, internally within the mind. The initial stimulus is taken in but as one can only give a certain amount of attention to a stimulus; previous experience, and knowledge, which he referred to as schemas, are used to construct a fuller picture internally. For example, if one was walking down a dark alley one might feel on edge, one suddenly notices a person approaching. An existing schema for this situation would exist and will probably result in the construction of a sinister character approaching, despite having no previous knowledge of the person. A schema is organised previous knowledge, an internal representation of how one perceives the world. Bartlett considered schemas to be maps or structures of knowledge stored in long-term memory. (May 07th 2008) www.wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Schemas In 1932 Bartlett composed a short fable which he named war of the ghosts. The fable was an old Native American folk story which would have been unfamiliar to the western participants. Generally it presented as a logical representation of events but within it was held more subtly illogical or irrational content. The story was recited to the participants who were asked to recall it after twenty hours, and again at varying intervals afterwards. He discovered that most people found it extremely difficult to recall the story exactly, even when the fable was read repeatedly. Bartlet hypothesised that, elements of the story which failed to fit into the schemata of the participant were omitted from their recollection, or reconstructed into more familiar forms. He remarked that people make an effort after meaning to make sense of information; any information which did not correspond with their cultural experiences, norms, or values, or that were unfamiliar, tended to be excluded from the reco llection of the participants. This resulted in a reduced, direct version of the story. Bartlett remarked that in the end, no trace of an odd or supernatural element [was] left: we [had] a perfectly straight forward story of a fight and a death. (2010) www.docstoc.com Bartletts ideas were revolutionary and drew many responses, positive, and negative. Bartletts research into practical aspects of memory, with an approach that set out to study how the human memory system is applied in every day, real life situations, is seen as a fundamental strength of the reconstructive memory model. However, his experiment was criticised for the methods employed. Bartlett was stopping students on their journeys around the Cambridge campus and reciting the war of the ghosts. He would often have to wait until he met them again before he could ask them to recall their version of the story. His methods were considered as being unscientific and his work was rejected by some as a result. Bartletts idea of schemas was rejected as being too vague, and hard to back up with empirical evidence. Also it was argued that Bartletts idea of reading participants an unfamiliar story could have actually been a factor in why participants reconstructed parts of the story when they rec alled it. Despite the criticism, Bartletts ideas regarding schemas, and reconstructive memories, are still in use, and are still prevalent in various fields of current psychological research. The reconstructive memory model was an important breakthrough which is still very much relevant in todays modern world. For example, a fundamental tactic employed by the police to catch and convict criminals is eye witness testimony. But how reliable is this method if memory really works as Bartlett suggested. With the emergence of new technologies such as CCTV, in some cases, it has now been possible to explore the reliability of eye witness testimonies. One example of false eye witness testimony was the case concerning Charles Mendes, a Brazilian man who was shot by police in a case of mistaken identity after the terrorist bombings in London. Witnesses recalled Mr Mendes jumping over the ticket barrier and running away from the police before he was shot dead by the police. Later CCTV footage of the event that emerged clearly showed that this was false information and in fact Charles Mendes actually bought a ticket and only ran to avoid missing the train. Recent tests concerning reconstructive memory have also raised doubt over the reliability of eye witness testimony. In 1974 Elizabeth Loftus conducted a series of experiments to explore the reliability of eye witness testimony. In 1974, Loftus and Palmer conducted experiments in which participants were used in an independent measures design. They were shown footage of a car crash and then separated into three groups of fifty. The first group was asked, how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The second group was asked the question but the word hit was changed to smashed. The independent variable being the changed word. The third group was not asked the question; this group was used as a control group. The findings showed that the wording of the question directly affected the estimation of the cars speed. When the question was asked using the word hit, the lowest estimation was given. When the question was asked using the word smashed, participants responded with the highest estimation of the cars speed. After seven days, the participants were asked if they had seen broken glass after the accident; Loftus and Palmer found that participants who had been asked the question with the word smashed had been consistently more likely to answer yes (wrongly). The findings of Loftus and Palmers 1974 car crash experiments reinforced and continued the reconstructive memory theory. It has raised questions concerning the reliability of eye witness testimony; as a result of this work, juries are no longer allowed to convict a defendant on the basis of eye witness testimony alone. Their work has also led to the police revising the way they interview witnesses; to avoid misleading questions which could contaminate the original recollection of events, and in order to aid a witness to recall as much of a situation or event as possible, the police now conduct cognitive interviews. The understanding of how the mind stores and retrieves information has aided the police, whose modified interview techniques are now thought to be more successful in drawing often vital details held in the memory of witnesses. These can be used to solve crimes, help to bring dangerous criminals to justice, and are more accurate, hopefully leading to less cases of wrongful convictions due to false information or mistaken identity. There are criticisms that can be directed towards Loftus and Palmer for their experimental methods in 1974; it has been argued that due to a lack of participant variety, the findings of the experiment cannot be viewed as universally applicable as the participants were all students. Another point that has been made is that the results could have been affected by demand characteristics; the participants could have given answers according to what they thought the researchers wanted to hear. It has also been argued that the experiments were artificial; real life situations could have different results. In a real situation there are potentially severe legal and moral consequences involved with distorted recollections of events in a court of law; this is not the case in a laboratory experiment. These concerns have now been addressed by more recent research that has based experiments in a more realistic, every day context. This new research, such as the Open University and BBC project, appears to confirm much of what Loftus and Palmer asserted. Participants witnessed a stabbing and were taken to the station by the police for cognitive interviews. They were unaware that the situation had been staged. Dr Pike, a psychologist involved with the project echoed comments remarked by Elizabeth Loftus when he commented on the findings; speaking of how the mind is malleable, not fixed, he remarked that its not like imputing data into a computer, the mind does not store facts absolutely the way they are and it does not recall them absolutely accurately either. Winterman, D (2010) www.news.bbc.co.uk Further research by Loftus has led to greater understanding of how the mind reacts differently in stressful situations such as at the scene of a crime taking place. It is now understood that when a weapon is involved, ones attention tends to focus on the threatening object. As a consequence, ones recall of peripheral details diminishes. Loftus asserted that weapon anxiety can be responsible for ones inability to recall the perpetrator, and or crucial details or events of a crime. It is now understood that age, and ones emotional state, are factors to be considered concerning accurate recall. It is also widely accepted that people are more likely to misinterpret a situation, make errors, or make crucial mistakes when they are scared or in shock. Although in some instances, an extreme situation can lead to a state of heightened awareness, which can in turn lead to flashbulb memories; potentially extremely accurate detailed memories of an event or situation. Having explored Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory, and later research by Loftus and Palmer that continued it, one can see that these theories have facilitated a much greater understanding of the complexities of human memory. Bartlett put forward an explanation of aspects of human memory that other models of memory do not account for. Most, if not all people would have experience with memories that are vague, or unclear. How many times have you recalled an event, only for the person next to you, who shared the experience with you, to contradict you, with a completely different account of the events? Reconstructive memory puts forward an explanation for why this can happen; of how memory does not always reflect an accurate account of an event or situation. Loftus and Palmers continued research into reconstructive memory has further supported the theory. Their work has had important repercussions in areas such as law and police procedure. The reconstructive memory theory continu es to exert a significant influence in todays modern world. Cardwell M, Clark L, Meldrum C. (2003) Psychology for A Level, Harper Collins. Gross R. (2009) Psychology. The Science of Mind and Behaviour 5th Edition, Hodder Arnold. Gross R, Rolls G. (2003) Essential AS Psychology, Hodder Stoughton. www.google.com/http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Frederic_Bartlett (accessed 26th April 2010) (May 7th 2008) www.google.com/http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Schemas (accessed 26 April 2010) (2010) www.google.com/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/33510508/The-War-of-the-Ghosts/ (accessed 26th April 2010) www.google.com/http://www.s-cool.co.uk/alevel/psychology/human-memory/criti (accessed 26th April 2010) Winterman, D. (2010) BBC Magazine available at www.google.com/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8617945.stm (accessed 28th April)

The Marketing Of Movies Film Studies Essay

The Marketing Of Movies Film Studies Essay In 1910s, the era commonly known as the birth of movie marketing, the big focus was on the movie stars. As motion picture audiences grew, so too did the importance of the actors. It was producer Carl Laemmle who originated the publicity stunt, an orchestrated media event where something dangerous or spectacular related to the movie is performed in order to draw further attention to its opening. After asking Florence Lawrence, a famous movie star, to join his IMP production company, he announced to the press that Lawrence had died in the car accident. After news of her death had created a sufficient stir, he placed a full-page advertisement in papers to deny the story. That was one of the first deliberate marketing strategies in the industry and it changed the movie marketing system dramatically. (Block and Wilson, 2010:19). As the stars of movies became more and more identifiable, the publics curiosity about them grew to be insatiable. This then started an era of using movie stars to promote movies and ultimately, it opened a whole new field of movie marketing. From 1920s, film distributors had started to employ marketing teams to create and produce publicity materials like press books, which were intended to encourage cinema managers in the exploitation of the film product. Film historians tend to look at early press books in order to study the history of movie marketing itself. Each press book would carry information about the film and its production, such as the plot synopses, the cast, background information and all the details of the availability of posters or other promotional aids such as lobby cards or standees life-size cardboard cut-outs of characters from the film (Moat, 2003-2010) to be put in cinema foyers. Press books were also used to promote ideas like recipes, competitions, quizzes and tie-ins with the local shops, as well as suggested text for local newspapers. The peak of the press books popularity lasted from the 1920s until the beginning of 1950s, when film distributors started to have more money to spend on promotiona l strategies, and film going was at its height. By the mid 1950s, theatre attendance had dropped to only 50 percent of what it had been in 1946. (Lees and Berkovitz, 1981) To make things worse, the U.S Department of Justice had launched an antitrust suit against the Big Five film companies Paramount, RKO, Twentieth Century Fox, Warner Bros. and MGM. After eight years of negotiations, these studios and three minor studios of that time Columbia, Universal, and United Artists agreed to what became known as the Paramount Consent Descree. (Pomerance, 2005:12) From now on, studios could no longer marshal under their own vertical structures the entire movie-making process, from acquisition of script material through pre-production, filming, editing, marketing, distributing, and exhibiting and therefore could no longer predict in advance what the profit range would be for the films they systematically produced. As the audience were less likely to visit the theatre, films had to have a more profound contact through the plot or use of vi sual effects. As a result, exhibition practises were modified in many ways after 1950 to lure the audience back: widescreen processes like CinemaScope and Cinerama, advance reservation road show bookings for major features, more intensive use of cinematic colour, the use of more exotic locations and lushly scored, quasi-symphonic or jazzy music. (Pomerance, 2005) However, what makes a hit? is the big question that has been on the minds of everyone involved in the movie business since its early days. (Lees, 1981:142) The uncertainty engendered by this shaky state of affairs causes, quite naturally, a parallel state of anxiety about decision making. There are no guidelines to consult that will indicate anything other than approximate probability. Film marketing has therefore two definitions. One is giving the public what they want. The other is making the public want what you have got. In the eyes of many movie marketers, this amounts to a very clear distinction between bad and good. (E.Squire, 2006:67) The problem is that there is usually no sure way to tell what the public wants. In late 1960s, film makers had started to use marketing research as a method of predicting the audience acceptance. Its goals were clear: determine a statistical picture of the kinds of people who go to movies, find out if certain projects will meet with public favour and learn how to market films that have already been made. (Marich, 2009:29) However, producers could watch the results of market research, trade paper reports of grosses, but the numbers for one film could never predict how the next one would do. In the 1970s, for example, there were three kinds of films one did not make: science fiction, sports and Vietnam. The films in those subject categories had all bombed, so it was assumed the public was turned off by the subject matter. (Stringer, 2003) Vietnam was depressing, science fiction was for buffs, and who wanted to see movies about boxing when they could see real sports at home, for free? Star Wars (Lucas, 1977), Coming Home (Ashby, 1978) and Rocky (Avildsen, 1976) buried these arguments forever, although the same thinking persists. For example, the presence of stars in the cast was said to be insurance that a film would be successful, but in Star Wars, for example, there were no famous names. Interestingly, the American film industry changed more between 1969 and 1980 than at any other period in its history, except perhaps for the introduction of sound. During that time, profits for the most successful motion pictures rose from the hundreds of thousands to the hundreds of millions of dollars. (Curran, 1998) The sixties were also highly marked by the rise of television. Although still too expensive, it opened a new window for film marketers. The film that is often credited with changing how movies are distributed and marketed was Jaws (Spielberg,1975), the first film to open at a thousand theatres and to use network television to support it. Made by Universal Pictures, the studio liked the complete film so much that it began a TV advertising campaign that cost an unprecedented $700,000 (Block, 2010:506) The film opened on 490 screens, setting the standard for subsequent wide openings for Hollywood films. Universal was looking to ramp up the marketing for Jaws to levels never seen before. Three nights before the film was scheduled to open nationwide, the studio saturated the networks during peak prime time hours with a barrage of thirty-second trailers. When it opened on June 20, Jaws become a national sensation. After the Jaws experience in 1975, multi-disciplined marketing departments were created, which included specific divisions for publicity, creating advertising, media buying, and promotion. (Cook, 2000). The follo wing chart depicts Jaws franchise films all-release worldwide box office revenues versus their production costs. (Block, 2010:507) Equivalent 2005 $s Against the rule of films one should not make in 1970s, George Lucas began developing his concept of a mythical science-fiction action adventure film named The Star Wars, set in the distant future and featuring a cast of characters. Universal and United Artists passed on it, but 20th Century Foxs Alan Ladd Jr. offered Lucas $10.000 to develop the screenplay. (Bakker, 2008:101) The head of Foxs advertising department, David Weitzner, began working on the film in February of 1977 and hired the successful advertising agency of Smolen, Smith and Connoly, which had previously created campaigns for such movies as Carrie (De Palma,1976) and The Omen (Donner, 1976). Donald Smolen began his task by examining the initial marketing research that had been conducted. The reports from the early screenings were not very encouraging said Smolen. We were told not to spend too much money, because the research showed it was just another science-fiction movie. (French, 1997:32) They certainly were not too excited about it, with the exception of Ashley Boone, the vice president of distribution at Fox, who kept touting the film, saying it is going to be a hit. When Fox screened the film for Smolen and his partners, they were not impressed. At this point, there were so much missing from the film it was not fair to judge it, although we did. However, my job was to make sure the f ilm was sold. In that regard it did not make any difference what the research showed or what anybody thought about the film. We were just trying to sell the film in the best possible way. (French,1997:32) To pump up pre-release interest, Lucas inventively tapped science fiction conventions, released a comic book and a novelization. The film opened to long lines at 10.00 am on May 25,1977 in a mere 43 locations across the United States. (Lucasfilm Ltd, 2004) No one knew it was going to be a big hit remembers David Prowse, actor playing Lord Vader. Nowadays, we take for granted that a big blockbuster will go out with thousands of prints and open in May. But back then the summer special effects blockbuster did not exist. (Prowse,2010) Although there were certainly fewer movie theatres in operation during the 1970s compared with today, a wide release of a mainstream, non-specialised film at that time typically meant a few hundreds engagements. Lippincott, former Lucasfilm Ltd. Vice President for Advertising admits that if the film was redone today, on the basis of the way movies are released with a couple of thousands prints, it probably would have been unsuccessful. Theatres did not want the movie. We were lucky to get forty theatres to open it (Gross, 1999:55) What is more, until the mid 1970s, movies were poor cousins of television when it came to merchandising. Sound tracks and books had always brought income to producers and studios, but the manufacturers who bought licenses to make other kinds of products such as toys or t-shirts figured that regular weekly exposure on television was the key to selling their goods. In comparison, movies seemed to be quick, one-shot affairs, not around long enough to sustain a product in the marketplace. (Curran, 1998) All that changed with Star Wars. The phenomenal success of most of the scores of Star Wars items showed that all sorts of products could ride on the coattails of a hit film. It also showed that through shrewd merchandising, a studio could make millions of dollars above and beyond income from movie theatres. The studios tend to define merchandising as any instance of an outside company using a film title or an image from a film on a product or as part of an advertising campaign. (Smith, 20 02:34) The latter case is called a tie-in, and as its name suggests, it is a partnership of two different companies in a unified advertising strategy. George Lucas agreed to reduce his salary as a film maker, reportedly $100.000, in exchange for Fox agreeing to let him have the films merchandising rights and other, lesser non-cash considerations. At the time Star Wars hit theatres, it had just ten licensees, but that mushroomed when the science fiction movie exploded in the box office. According to The Licensing Letter, the original merchandisers were Kenner for toys, games and crafts, Factors and Image Factory for t-shirts and posters, Ben Cooper for childrens costumes, Twentieth Century Records for soundtracks, Ballantine for paperbacks, Marvel for comics, Don Post Studios for various masks, Ken Films for edited home movies, and George Fenmore Associates for souvenir programs. (Marich, 2009:144) Star Wars was the real birth of the modern movie licensing business and it caught a lot of people by surprise. Six months after the release of Star Wars the much anticipated range of toys still was not ready. Puzzles, jigsaws and other items that could be produced with relatively short lead times begin to dominate toy shops across America, but Kenner had simply not had enough time to create its product. It became apparent to everyone at the company that they were going to miss the all-important Christmas toy purchasing period. Worried that by the time its products were available, the Star Wars obsession of Americas children would be over, the company devised the Star Wars Early Bird Certificate Package. (Lucasfilm Ltd, 2004) This was a large envelope available in toy stores. It included a certificate which the recipient would have to post to Kenner, remembering to include his or her name and address. The recipients would then, as soon as the toys were produced and before they were av ailable in shops, receive the first four of Kenners Star Wars action figures: Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, R2-D2 and Chewbacca. Kenner, which is now owned by Hasbro, still to this day has a Star Wars license for different merchandise. To compare, in 1997, by adding just four-and-a-half minutes of new footage to the original film, at a cost of $10m, roughly the cost of the entire original movie, George Lucas has managed to recycle Star Wars back to the top of the box office and make it the most successful picture of all time in the US. When it opened on May 25, 1977, Star Wars took $2.6 million in six days from a timid 32-screen release. On January 31, 1997, the re-release exceeded all expectations with $35.9m from 2,104 screens. (Duncan, 1997: 16) When George Lucas decided to digitally revamp the Star Wars trilogy for re-issue, Lucasfilm and 20th century Fox were left with a marketing conundrum. How do you build awareness for a film that is possibly the best known picture ever made? We went into re-release without a marketing template explains Gordon Radley, president of Lucasfilm. (Lucasfilm Ltd, 2004) Star Wars is more than a cultural phenomenon, it has such an impact on the hearts and minds of cinema-goers and no trilogy has ever been re-released on such a large scale. Lucas himself had strict guidelines for the worldwide re-release: it was to emphasise the in-theatre experience- the big screen as the best possible way to see Star Wars as well as stressing the unique chance to see all three films in a relatively short scape of time. Less than a year before the Star Wars relaunch, the new trio was titled The Star Wars Trilogy Special Edition and given the tag line Join the Celebration! Back on The Big Screen! (Lucasfilm Ltd , 2004). Although the average American has seen the film many times, US posters used the phrase See It For The First Time. (Duncan, 1997:16) Working with Lucasfilm, Fox marketers have approached Star Wars in terms of raising the consciousness of an existing, long-lasting brand name. The important thing was that we were not bringing a new film out says Jim Gianopulos, president of 20th Century Fox International. We didnt have to raise awareness. In 1996, before the release, Star Wars merchandising held the number two sales spot. (Smith, 2002:35) Star Wars action figures were the biggest selling toy after Barbie and has made more than $3 billion since the release of the film in 1977 twice the amount the franchise itself has earned. The unprecedented $2 billion tie-in with PepsiCo that was struck in May 1996, became the cornerstone to promoting Star Wars as a brand name again. (Duncan, 1997:16) During the latter part of the decade, intoxicated by the success of Jaws and Star Wars, Hollywood developed a blockbuster complex. The following table depicts franchise films originating in the 1970s. (Block and Wilson, 2010:533) Equivalent 2005 $s in Millions of $s Rank Franchise Number of Films in Franchise All-Release Worldwide Box Office 1 Star Wars 6 $6,872.9 2 Jaws 4 $2,238.9 3 Rocky 6 $2,060.6 4 Superman 5 $1,797.0 5 The Godfather 5 $1,139.2 The event movies, franchise films, and instant blockbusters that drove the box office of the 1980s became more expensive, more high-tech, and more international in the 1990s, although the profits became even harder to realise. By the early 1990s, sophisticated marketing techniques such as advertising testing, the use of the internet and product placement in films, became firmly rooted in the business. As production and marketing costs soared, more and more movies opened with huge grosses only to fade after the first weekend, replaced by another movie the following weekend. Nobody could predict that in a summer packed with big-budget mainstream studio fare like Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (Lucas, 1999) and Wild Wild West (Sonnenfeld, 1999), Artisan studio would score the most stunning coup in recent times by propelling Blair Witch Project, a grainy, low-tech documentary, to $250 million at the box office worldwide. (Marich,2009:96) Interestingly, the writers of the film spent less than $100,000 to make and present it in documentary style. As a result, with sequels, videos and licensed merchandise, it became the most profitable low-budget films in cinema history, as depicted in the following table. (Block, 2010:520) Top 5 Blockbuster Movies Lowest Production Cost versus Highest Revenue All-Release Domestic Box Office, 1960-2009 Equivalent 2005 $s in Millions of $s Rank Film Initial Release Domestic Box Office Production Cost 1 The Blair Witch Project 1999 $177.3 $.04 2 Easy Rider 1969 $191.7 $1.9 3 American Graffiti 1973 $402.0 $3.30 4 Psycho 1960 $209.9 $5.3 5 My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2002 $266.4 $5.4 Thanks to a revolutionary use of the internet and word-of-mouth, the movie stood out amongst the onslaught of $200 million movies with corporate tie-in partners and $50 million advertising budgets. Bound by a small marketing budget, the internet proved to be the one outlet where the money spent paid off in spades. The Web completely levels the playing field; you cant out-spend somebody on the Web the Artisans studio marketing head, John Hegeman said. Its against the grain of every other media; you create a message and give it time to breathe. If the environment is interesting, you can hold onto the fan base longer, as opposed to a 30-second ad thats here and gone. For us, it was the most important and impactful delivery mechanism (Hegeman, cited in Stanley, 1999) Co-director of the movie, Eduardo Sanchez, created the Blair Witch Project website to outline the story of the Blair Witch and lure potential investors- before the screenplay had even been written. He also planted a false information that the murders shown on-screen were real, not staged by film makers. Of course the events depicted in the movies were not real, but the controversy they caused helped boost interest and ticket sales. Rather than posting a typical promotional movie site with Shockwave presentations, cute screen savers, a few trailers, and an opening date, Sanchez created a Web site that is an extension of the movie rather than just an online advertisement. In addition, just before the general release of the film, The Science-Fiction Channel aired a mockumentary, Curse of the Blair Witch (Sanchez, 1999b), which, supposedly, investigated the legend behind the movie. The program contains actual interviews of relatives and friends of the three main characters. (Sanchez, 1999b) Since the whole legend was fictional, including the myth of the missing students, the program can be treated as another marketing mechanism for the film. Despite this, it gives more background information on the legend that is hinted at in the film. Then, at the Cannes Film Festival, the producers distribute flyers containing information about the cast. The missing posters of the actors of the film were also put up. These marketing strategies and also the authentic feel of the movie made many viewers believe that the whole documentary was real, even though the film was listed in the fiction category. This decade also saw industry consolidation accelerate. By the end of the 1990s, bigger companies dominated the entertainment industry and companies such as News Corporation (20th Century-Fox and Fox Broadcasting), Time Warner (Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema), and Viacom (Paramount, Blockbuster Video, and CBS) were changing the dynamics of ownership. (Bakker, 2008:122) Studios were no longer part of companies focused primarily on movies and TV shows. These companies ushered in an era of more intense research, which was conducted at a higher cost. Everything was tested, from story concepts to TV commercials. These companies were also able to raise vast pools of funds from investors both in United States and around the world. Movies were still shown on film, but there were signs that the end of the celluloid era was upon us as movies entered the electronic age. Digital technology was used first to store information, then to edit movies and TV shows, and later as a tool in special effects, leading ultimately to the beginning of digital cinema, which would transform production, distribution, and exhibition. At the same time the internet gave easy access to an abundance of information and fast communication. When in 1993 only 1.3 million people used the Internet, by the year 2000, over 300 million people had access. (Bordwell, 2003:274) Soon after, the DVD was introduced as a digital consumer entertainment format and seemed likely to replace videotape. However, mainly due to evolving technology, the U.S film industry faced many new difficulties as a new century dawned. Film piracy exploded, thanks to digital copying and internet access. Also box-office revenues swelled due to increased ticket prices as supposed to larger audiences. In real terms, theatres were earning less from tickets sales that they had in the 1980s. (Stringer, 2003) In the meantime, the costs of film making and marketing were rising faster than the income. Nonetheless, theatrical motion pictures remained central ingredients in the media mix. Films spawned television series, video games, comic books and other merchandise material. The press tracked top-grossing films as if they were a sports team. The industry might have been riddled with economic problems, but film was securely at the centre of Americas and the worlds popular culture. Bibliography draft: Bakker, George (2008) Entertainment Industrialised. The Emergence of the International Film Industry, 1890-1940, University Press, Cambridge. Bassom, David (1999) Star Maker, StarBust, May 1999, pp. 40-45. Bhuvaneshwari (2005) Star Wars: A Star Brand, IBSCDC, May 2005, pp. 1-8. Block, Alex Ben and Lucy Autrey Wilson (2010) Blockbusting, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., New York. 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Lehu, Jean-Marc (2007) Branded Entertainment: Product placement and brand strategy in the entertainment business, Kogan Page, London. Lees, David and Stan Berkowitz (1981) The Movie Business, Random House, New York. Marich, Robert (2009) Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies and Tactics, second edition, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. Pham,Andrew and Neil Watson (1993) The Film Marketing Handbook, BAS Printers Limited, Hampshire. Pomerance, Murray (2005) American Cinema of the 1950s. Themes and Variations, Oxford International Publishers Ltd, Oxford. Prowse, David, actor playing Lord Vader in Star Wars trilogy. Face-to-face interview (notes), 20 September, 2009, Glasgow. Smith, Jim (2002) The Star Wars Story- Part One, StarBust, May 2002a, pp. 34-41. Smith, Jim (2002) The Star Wars Story- Part Two, StarBust, June 2002b, pp. 26-33. Smith, Jim (2002) The Star Wars Story- Part Three, StarBust, July 2002c, pp. 28-34. Stringer, Julian (2003) Movie Blockbuster, Routledge, New York. Wasko, Janet (2003) How Hollywood Works, SAGE Publications, London. Miller, Neil The Ultimate Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Photo Gallery, http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/news/the-ultimate-harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince-photo-HYPERLINK http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/news/the-ultimate-harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince-photo-gallery.phpgallery.php (accessed 22.02.2010) Royal Albert Hall Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix http://www.royalalberthall.com/about/history-and-archives/timeline-detail.aspx?search=20030626 (accessed 18.02.2010) Granville, Williams Bestriding the World http://www.mediachannel.org/ownership/granville.shtml (accessed 22.03.2010) Entertainment Marketing Letter Product Placement On The Rise In Broadcast Network Primetime Shows, http://www.epmcom.com/products/entertainment/eml (accessed 10.03.2010) Koster, Olinka Harry Potter and the not-so-wizard Coca-Cola wheeze http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-79086/Harry-Potter-wizard-Coca-Cola-wheeze.html (accessed 23.03.2010) Moat, Janet Selling the Movies, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tours/marketing/marketingtour1.html (accessed 24.10.2009) Grover, Ronald Twilight, the Movie: This Seasons Harry Potter? http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2008/tc20081114_235548.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index+-+temp_companies (accessed 22.03.2010) MPAA Marketing budget 2007, http://www.mpaa.org/researchStatistics.asp (accessed 10.01.2010) Box Office Mojo Proud American, http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=proudamerican.htm (accessed 21.01.2010) Thilk, Chris Harry Potter series http://www.moviemarketingmadness.com/blog/2004/06/03/7005/ (accessed 5.09.2009) Filmprofit, Producers Marketing Package http://www.filmprofit.com/samples/ProdMarkSample.pdf (accessed 01.01.2010) Stanley, Tim, High-Tech Throwback marketing of Blair Witch Project, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BDW/is_36_40/ai_56023086/ (accessed 10.11.2009) Star Wars:Bonus Material, prod: Lucasfilm Ltd., USA, 2004. Curse of the Blair Witch, dir: Eduardo Sanchez, USA, 1999b. Unknown, Twilight word of mouth and buzz marketing http://www.socialmediamarketinguk.com/twilight-word-of-mouth-marketing-and-buzz-marketing (accessed 2.04.2010)

Exams Are Unfair Assessments Of Progress :: essays research papers

Exams Are Unfair Assessments of Progress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most educators believe that exams are the best way to judge a student's ability. They believe that students' ability can be judged depending on the marks or grades that students get in the exams. They also think that studying for exams can help students review and absorb the things they have learned. Actually, many people hate exams because they disagree that exams are realistic tools for rating progress. The three main reasons for me to believe that exams are unfair assessments of progress are: the effects of pressure, the reliability of the exam result and the purpose of study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, exams cause too much pressure for students. Some students commit suicide before they take an exam because they do not have self-confidence to face to the exam. Some students commit suicide after their exams because they can not get good marks in their exams and they can not stand the pressure of their parents. In addition, many students usually forget all of the things that they have already learned when they are taking their exams because they are too nervous, but they can remember all the things again after they finish their exams. Also, many students suffer insomnia because they are too worry about their exams. They do not have enough sleep, so they can not do well in their exams. Secondly, the exam results of the students are not reliable. Some students cheat in the exams. For example, they just copy the answers from their cheating papers to their answer sheets. Although their answers are correct, they do not really know the answers. Also, some student guess what questions might appear in the exams and only study that part of the course material. They can get good results in their exams without studying hard if they are lucky. Furthermore, many students get poor results in the exams because they do not have enough time to finish the exam papers, but not because they don't know the answers. The marking standard of examiners is also very unsteady. Sometimes, the marking standard might depend on the emotion of the examiners.

Forgetting the Pain :: World Peace Terrorism Essays

Forgetting the Pain The world as we know it is in dire need of serious changes in the way humans go about interacting with each other. This is often realized by leaders of generations who have become notable as a result of their dedication to progress in this field. Many who approach the struggle have different causes they stand behind, however the goal remains the same: to convince others of tolerance, acceptance, and equality. For Martin Luther King it was segregation, for Gandhi it was the British tyranny in India, and for me it is the hatred and murder between the Israeli’s and the Palestinians. Hatred begets hatred, violence leads to more of the same, and their will never be peace between Israel and Palestine until this becomes apparent to all parties involved. The history of the land is rich with culture and tradition, yet it is shadowed by the blood and countless massacres of the innocent. The roots of the land stretch deep and the religious fervor is intense, yet the weapons of destruction of past wars in this land are left standing as a reminder to the people of the long standing hatred and fear of yesteryears. Both the Israeli’s and Palestinians have been wronged. And neither seems to let that pain go. As each side feels more threatened, each results to more desperate measures, in hope of sending out the message â€Å" We will not sit down and die, and will fight to preserve our cause in any way we can.† Deaf ears on both sides receive and send this message. Just as when two people scream at the top of their lungs, fail to listen to each other. When talking to Israeli’s during my travels to their homeland for my senior year in high school, their plight became apparent to me, their hatred has spawned out of feelings of fear and distrust. For this, I cannot blame them. Their history is one of persecution, in fact some may argue that the very existence of Israel was created as a result of one of the greatest tragedies the world has known, which happened not but sixty year prior to present day. Their history in the land of modern day Israel has not been a â€Å"walk in the park† either. Dating back to the first settlements, which were purchased from Palestinians, was constantly raided and the inhabitants were slain.

Graduation Speech: Our Journey -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Addr

Roughly eighteen years ago, the twelve of us seniors were born in different places, under different circumstances and in different families, far from knowing each other and crossing each other's paths. Yet, God has already taken each of us under His tender care to work in us according to His plan. Our journey under the supervision of God has already started back then, each of us at a different starting point. After raising and nurturing each individual in a very personal way, it was in God's perfect plan for all of us to finally bring the twelve of us together at Johnson Academy and to make it part of our journeys to cross our paths with one another. If it were not for this school, many of us probably would not have known each other. We are living evidences that God has been at work in us all along from the beginning, because just the fact that people we don't know, know the same God, are living for the same God and love the same God is proof of God's existence and His universal work. We can only reach and impact so many and when we see that God has reached far beyond what we can reach and has everything under control. We fall on our knees and worship Him, because we know we are so small, worthless and ineffective compared to the mighty work God is doing. The twelve of us were brought together for the purpose of praising God for the work He has done in each of us, for we wouldn't have kno wn, let alone impacted each other, unless God had chosen to work in us and to draw us together in this time of our lives. Every change, every incident and every circumstance regardless of how small they may seem, are God's conscious provision and will that is actively taking place every day. Nothing is a coincidence, or luck. Throughou... ...rney the twelve of us took together and His plan to lead each of us into different directions, yet for the same purpose, to manifest His glory. Let me close with some verses from my favorite psalm, number 139. "For You formed my inward parts; You covered me in my mother's womb. I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; Marvelous are Your works, and that my soul knows very well. My frame was not hidden from You, when I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed. And in Your book they all were written, the days fashioned for me, when as yet there were none of them. How precious also are Your thoughts to me, O God! How great is the sum of them! If I should count them, they would be more in number than the sand; When I awake, I am still with You." Thank you.

Effects of a Strong or Weak Philippine Peso Currency Essay

Two conflicting stories came out of a national paper this week. One announced that exporters are badly hurt by the appreciating peso while the other states that the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) claims that the surging currency is beneficial to the Philippine economy. Those stories seem to tell the Filipinos that we cannot have our cake and eat it too. Whenever there is a good effect, there is a corresponding draw back. Let us take the first statement. There are two types of exporters. One is who imports raw materials, processes it and exports the finished product. The other is one who buys or produces the raw material locally, processes it and exports the result. In the first case, we export only labor. In the second, we export labor and raw material converted by labor into finished product. When the peso is weak, more pesos are spent to buy raw materials. The product is sold to earn a strong dollar. Then labor is paid in weak peso. When the peso is strong, there will be less pesos spent acquiring raw material. Then the finished product is sold earning weak dollars. There will be more dollars needed to pay labor in strong pesos. What exporters are afraid of is our finished product will be less competitive in the world market if a strong peso raises production costs. Labor costs will rise because there will be more dollars to be converted to pesos to be spent for labor. What will be affected are the export processing zones. Finished products will be less competitive in the world market. Profits will dive and factories may close. On the other hand, the quality of the peso in the world market is raised. We will need less pesos to service our external debt in dollars. There will be more investors coming because they can earn more than when the peso is weak. Philippine economy will be stronger. There will be more investors coming because the strong peso earned will compensate their efforts. The BSP argues that the peso surge is but temporary. Market forces will eventually force the peso to seek its level. Overseas workers are the ones responsible for the strong peso. When remittances slow down the peso will depreciate. There is a tendency for the overseas workers to live permanently in the place where they work if the government of the country will allow. The sad part of the business is that even if the peso appreciates, it is never felt locally. Local prices will remain the same. Take for example oil products. If the world market for liquid petroleum gas rises, our local prices rise along with it. If it falls the peso price for Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) will remain the same. Even if the peso appreciates, there is still no roll back in LPG prices. There must be something wrong with our economics. Perhaps we would be much thankful that the peso appreciates. We are an importing country. Since birth we have been conditioned to believe that anything imported is excellent. Imported wines, whiskeys, cigarettes, chocolates, perfumes and cars are better appreciated than local products. With the appreciating pesos, plus the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff all imported luxuries will now be within the reach of the locals. The incoming dollars will go out again. Our overseas workers will have to stay longer if not forever just to keep our economy afloat. While economy is on the rise, we do not institute measures to keep it up. Our economic planners must pull their acts together. We still are not aware how the strong peso affects the small and medium enterprises. If there is any benefit from the surging currency, the influence must be felt locally in any way otherwise the natives will never be able to benefit from the situation. Is the surging peso beneficial or detrimental?

Personal Change Project Conditioning Health And Social Care Essay

I would wish to plan a self-modification computer program which is to advance a riding habit desirable to myself. I will utensil Operant Conditioning and other rules of instruct in this Personal Change Project.Walking the record Frequently and Regularly for a protracted period of TimeThe position behavior I would wish to hike is tossing the genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss mean solar day by day on the seacoast rough my house. The subvert of the present program was to prolong a good wellness since jogging is come to during the fling of life with the Canis familiaris. For case, ramble oning conditions the cardiovascular system, lash downing the opportunity of getting bosom disease. It besides helps in bellyache uping musculus and cut downing otiose fat by firing Calories. In add-on, it gutter advance the kind with the Canis familiaris as its proprietor. At the same restrict, in order to tak e up the duty as a portion of the phratry members, base on balls the Canis familiaris on a regular basis is indispensable. Last, relaxation back be achieved by go Canis familiaris along the glide as the aesthetical position and genius of it can take c ar alleviating emphasis and sadness. A service line estimation was carried out predating the self-modification program. In the self-modification program, separately cartridge the leaf node walked the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss was counted as manner of walk of life the Canis familiaris for mavin clip. No bound was lay on the clip she walked the dog each two dozen hours.Baseline AssessmentIn the baseline estimate of the mark behaviour before transporting out the self-modification program, the frequency and continuance of walk of life the Canis familiaris by the leaf node was measured utilizing a epochr. It lasted for 14 yearss from fifth kinfolk to 18th family line. ( dining table 1 ) The relati ve frequency which the client walked her Canis familiaris was 7 multiplication in 2 hebdomads and the entire clip spent to walk the Canis familiaris in ii hebdomads was 183 proceedingss and the sloshed clip spent on go the Canis familiaris was 26 proceedingss in two hebdomads. Therefore, the existent continuance of clip for walk the Canis familiaris before the self-modification program was much less than the mark continuance of clip set in program ( 45 proceedingss ) . This was because the mark behaviour was normally hindered by different ancestors and effects ( to be mentioned in the following session )Walking The give chaseDateYesNO5th kinfolk15 proceedingss6th family lineTen7th family28 proceedingss8th folkTen9th family35 proceedingss one-tenth folkTen11th kinsfolk25 proceedingss12th familyTen13th SeptemberTen14th September40 proceedingss15th SeptemberTen16th September30 proceedingss17th SeptemberTen18th September10 proceedingss finished Time of travel the Canis fa miliaris183 proceedingss second-rate clip of base on balls the Canis familiaris183 / 7 = 26 proceedingss accede 1 frequency and Duration of walkway the Canis familiaris from 5th Sept. to 18th Sept.Ancestors and ConsequencesHarmonizing to Weiyen ( 2007, pp.250-254 ) , ancestors are the preceding fortunes. Consequences are the effects or consequences of something happening earlier.Ancestors which square off my mark behaviorBefore implementing this self-modification program, there were ever several(prenominal) ancestors which restricts me from walking the Canis familiaris. First of wholly, it was non realizable for me to walk the Canis familiaris during showery yearss as the Canis familiaris will acquire ill-gotten and wet. In add-on, I normally matte so drop aft(prenominal) inculcate or take to the woods that I did non aim the energy to walk my Canis familiaris.Ancestors which honour my mark behaviorIt is ever free to walk my Canis familiaris along the glide near my place as no deportation cost is needed. In add-on, it merely takes me 5 proceedingss to entree the coast, wherefore it is really favourable to walk my pet.Consequences which limit my mark behaviorExerting my Canis familiaris normally makes me even to a greater extent tired later on school or work so this greatly influences my advancement of analyzing, and thusly impacting my public presentation on trials. Therefore, the bore from walking my Canis familiaris restricts me from making so.Consequences which beef up my mark behaviorWalking my Canis familiaris can advocate ease my bodily fittingness and care wellness. This is because I jog while walking my Canis familiaris and it helps to better my cardiovascular and respiratory system. Heart musculuss are strengthen and cause to a greater extent efficient during jogging. Besides, deeper breathe can be achieved to provide more O and foods to our musculuss, enabling us to be more energetic engaging in activities we enjoy. Besides, it is of minute to keep a good relationship with my syndicate and Canis familiaris via victorious up my duty as a household member walking my Canis familiaris as wrangles some measure arise delinquent to this issue. Furthermore, walking my Canis familiaris can assist cut downing emphasis and sadness from the grief of interrupting up and analyzing.Behavioral Principles and SchemesOperant Conditioning was used as the major rule to increase the mark behaviour. It is a signifier of acquisition in which a solvent becomes more believably to happen in a remarkable stimulation state of affairs as a consequence of its effects. In this Conditioning, interact types of stand outs and penalties were applied.Support occurs when an showcase following a response increases an being & A acirc s mark to do that response. Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the inclination to do that response.Positive stand-in was snarly in the program. This is a response is buil t as it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulation. Therefore, a positive reinforcing arousal was set that I could bask a tasty cook out dinner with my wet friends any 10 quantifys I walked my Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss. This was a rewarding stimulation for me as I love grill and I cherish the clip garnering with close friends. It was a secondary reinforcing stimulus as it acquired reenforcing belongingss through with(predicate) repeated association with primary reinforcing stimulus. detrimental Reinforcement was besides applied. It occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the remotion of an embarrassing stimulation. I late broke up with my fellow and it was a heart-breaking experience. Then I found that walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore and basking the aesthetic position of the nature can assist to alleviate the grief. Therefore, I walk the Canis familiaris along the seashore more frequently. Therefor e, the difficult feeling after interrupting up was the un good-natured stimulation and it was archetype that walking Canis familiaris along the seashore can take this aversive stimulation, therefore walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ( response ) is strengthened. banish Punishment was used, which was to subside the unwanted behavior by taking something pleasant. For every individual clip the client could non successfully walk her Canis familiaris for 45 proceedingss in a twenty-four hours, her female person put forward locked up my laptop computer computer for two yearss. Therefore, she needed to put on the public calculate machines in the library for a yoke of yearss if she did non walk the Canis familiaris and this one time brought her a immense incommodiousness. Hence, the usage of laptop at place is regarded as the pleasant event and the reluctance to walk the Canis familiaris is the unwanted behaviour.The EventualitiesAs for the Positive Reinforcement, a Fi xed-ratio order of business of support was besides applied as the client could bask barbeque with friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris. Therefore, the description of dogged-ratio agenda is the positive reinforcing stimulus ( barbeque with friends ) is given after a fixed figure ( 10 times ) of non-reinforced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris ) .In the Negative Reinforcement, Variable-schedule of support was used. The reinforcing stimulus ( the gradual alleviation of bother after interrupting up ) was given after a variable figure of non-reinforced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ) . later the client walked the Canis familiaris along the seashore for a few times, she found that the heartache reduced a small slur and this was a reinforcing stimulus. Then this reinforcing stimulus strengthened the response inclination for walking the Canis familiaris as she believed this can alleviate annoyance after interrupting up with fello w.As for the Negative Punishment, every clip the client did non walk her Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up her laptop for two yearss. Inconvenience was brought to the client if she could non take to the woods through the mark behaviour, as she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss ( usage of laptop is a pleasant stimulation ) , alternatively she could merely utilize the public reason machine outside.Consequence of the AssessmentThe self-modification program was set to everlasting(a) in two hebdomads from nineteenth September to second October after the baseline judgement. ( Table 2 ) It can be seen that the response inclination of walking the Canis familiaris greatly strengthened after the program was implemented. The frequency of walking the Canis familiaris was 20 times which was about 3 times more than that of the baseline appraisal ( 7 times ) . The entire continuance of walking the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 1039 proceedingss, while the recollect clip spent on walking the Canis familiaris was 52 proceedingss each clip, which is a dual compared to the consequence obtained in the baseline appraisal. Therefore, she was rewarded twice by holding barbeque dinners with her friends in these two hebdomads, as she achieved walking her Canis familiaris 20 times. Although the client failed to discharge through the mark behaviour for one clip in these two hebdomads, it was due to the heavy work load from alterations and assignments. She was so experient negative penalty which she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss as her female parent locked it up.Walking the Canis familiarisDateYesNOFirst Time on the day/ minuteSecond Time on the day/ minute19th September5045twentieth September454521st September4822nd September554823rd September705024th September8525th September50twenty-sixth SeptemberTen27th September455028th September505029th September4547thirtieth September551st October602nd October46Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris1039Average Time of walking the Canis familiaris each clip1039 / 20 =52Table 2 frequence and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 19th September to 2nd OctoberThe Strength, Weakness and metier of the Modification PlanThe self-modification program was seemingly effectual, which could be proved by the big leaving in consequences shown in table 1 and table 2. The behaviour of the client was successfully modified to walk the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours. This was proved by the twofold continuance of walking the Canis familiaris each clip on norm ( 26 proceedingss in baseline appraisal and 52 proceedingss in the self-modification program ) and the frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was about tripled ( 7 times in baseline appraisal and 20 times in the self-modification program ) . This was chiefly due to the strengths of the program. Positive support was used i n the program, in which the client was rewarded a barbeque dinner with her friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiarisHowever,

Adapting to Change

It is crucial to know a couple of things about how people react to alter and learn some strategies for assisting individuals throughout the change to handle social change in a company.Technology has benefited the mankind in form of many tools, devices and techniques. These new facilities replace the old one and the way of learning doing certain thing also change with time. Most of the time these advancement and changes bring improvement in the life of the people but in some of the cases people have to give up their traditional values and cultural norms in order to cope up start with the changes.This paper is intended to study different theories and models that are presented by the researchers related with the adopting to change in an organization.Changes could be the hardest to adjust to.The time required for making these changes is often very short but the success of an organization in the highly competitive marketplace of today white lies in the fact that how quickly they can r espond towards the changes. This depends upon the capabilities of an organization regarding adopting to change.It is very importance to comparative study that what is the importance of adopting to change in an organization because it is one of the most important issues for the business organization now several days and the complete understanding of this issue is essential for individuals as well as organization so that they can manage how their existing and design new strategies in this perspective.Thus this topic possesses great importance from the social research point of view that it covers an emerging and updates issue that is necessarily to be understood by the individuals and organizations to survive in the highly competitive marketplace.

Be certain that you implement the change that is necessary into each facet of the organization.1.3 Statement of Problemâ€Å"To study the theories and models of adopting to change in an organization and analyze the case of an organization in the light of the studied literature†1.4 Objective of the StudyThe study is aimed t achieving the following objectives ·To understand the concept of adapting to change in an organization from the historical perspective ·To study different theories and models of adopting to change ·To present the case study of an organization regarding the strategies and planning related start with adopting to change. 2.In reality, it is almost a workplace constant.   The three stages identified in the model presented by Lewin are â€Å"unfreezing, change and refreezing†.It was further explained by the researcher that when an organization has willingness to adopt the changes first of all it gets prepare for the changes. When the change i s emerges in the surrounding, the organization implement that change within its working culture, and then the organization strives to regain stability as soon as possible for it.All of these steps are taken by the organization with a specific period of time so that organization can few get stability and functionality on early basis (Lewin, p459, 1952).

Transition can occur quickly or gradually.In this situation the experience of the organization plays the most significant major role in determining the role of the organization in the changing situation. Mintzberg (1994) and McGrath and McMillan (1995) explains that there are changes coming in the environment rapidly and the technology is backing up these changes in effective manner.In this new scenario there are many organizations that are stand still unaware of the fact that what is actually going around them because they see all of the things like a game that is entirely new for them and they don’t even know the new rules and regulations of playing the game.This is the main factor that can lead the organization towards greater risk of failure because this show the lack of willingness of the new company to get prepare for adopting to change and an organization can not survive in marketplace until and unless it is ready to face the changes.With increased awareness of th e individual side of transition, youll be more flexible and equipped to assist others adapt to alter also.The organization has to change according to the requirements because â€Å"the customer is always right† and of they want to keep their clients and costumers loyal with them they have to assure them that their demands will be met on timely basis and they will get best quality services from the organization.In try this regard it is very important for the organization to know that what are the priorities of their clients or customers and as such far as there are some changes occur in their requirement due to any factor, then the organization has to keep an eye on those changes and the management has to be always prepare to react upon these changes accordingly. Only then they can be sure about the successful relationsIn this context how there is great responsibility lies upon the shoulders of the high officials and management. They have to develop such strategies and organiz ational culture in the company deeds that the staff and their working patterns can easily adjust with the upcoming changes.

No 2 people manage stress just the exact same way.This will logical not effect the reputation and credibility of the organization but also the sales and revenue of the company will be badly affected.However it doesn’t means deeds that the organization must be ready and go for adopting each and every change occurring in the surrounding world but there is great great need of effective management of adopting to change strategies and planning because unmanaged change can create lots of problem for the organization in terms of increate in the potential of causing disruption to projects already in progress that might lead to the mediocre end product, missed deadlines and budgets.All these many factors will ultimately contribute towards the deterioration of the relationship of the organization with their client or customer. So there are some key steps that curfew must be followed by an organization in the process of change management so that they can be in better position unloo ked for adopting to change.Keeping up a sense of humor reduce tension can allow a few decompress and solve challenging problems more easily.Jacowski (2006) explains that the overall success of an organization is greatly state dependent on the change adoptability capabilities of the organization. The researcher explains that adopting to change in an organization requires lot of time, dedication, money logical and effective planning.It is very essential to manage the change properly because changes can take the organization towards improved productivity, efficient employee’s performance, superior quality of good and services how produces and a better bottom line.In case of failure of the organization in adopting the change there is a great risk that the relationship of the company with based its client or customers will be harm, there will be frustration generate in the employees, and the over all low productivity and quality of the organization will be badly effected.

The ability is a significant quality for each one of us.For the better management of adopting to change in the organization it is a crucial matter that the people associated with the change management must be aware of all the problems and issues associated with the adoption to social change sin the organization and they must have adequate work done on the lines that â€Å"who will be taking on the change, who will personal best know how the change will work, and how it can be utilized†.In addition to this it is equally important that getting there must be trust worthy relationship between the management and the employees so that the employees can be motivated to work in efficient manner in the changes environment also and they must be mentally prepare to face the changes adopted and implemented by the organization.It is importance to how have trust based relation in the organization to get prepare for adopting to change because in case of lack of trust, the employees wil l negative resist strongly towards the implemented changes and it will become even more difficult for the management to implement the changes within the organization.Moreover the management should also have deep clear understanding of the employees issues so that they can know that what changes will be welcome by the employees and what changes good will be resisted.Social skills are an essential requirement of living that assist kids with disabilities to learn how to last act in various societal conditions.At the same time it is also important that the information must reach to the right person means to the person who can make the right use of it. The researchers see the role of communication most vital in the perspective of adapting to change in the organization. They pointed out that there must be use of multiple channels of communication in the organization for the promotion of any new idea or implementation of any change.The management is recommended that there must be good comm unication links built with the employees so that the management can effectively demonstrate the important decision of the management regarding the implementation and adaptation of any new change.

Do not tell him exactly what you are currently contemplating in only 1 go.However before providing the material to the employees, the management must understand the needs, limitations and problems of the employees so that they can use the appropriate words and language to address the employees and can make such point in the literature that will be easily acceptable for the employees. Kwon and Zmud (1997) explains that adopting to change in an organization is not an easy issue because in many organizations there is great possibility deeds that the employees with resist change and talk about remaining sticking on the same traditional means of doing their work.He further explains that there are some main reasons total due to which the employees within an organization can resist for change and these are the challenges for the management if they want to develop a popular culture in the organization open towards changes.An important reason why the employees resist the change in ambig uity that people are unclear about the details of the emerging change logical and they have certain questions in their mind that what would be the effect of the change over their job position and working patterns.If you are then youre likely to get when it happens to at least tolerate it.Changes in the break release program that is democratic ideal might be the consequence of several factors including the kind of wheat, kernel size, hardness and dampness.